【作者】 张永军；

【导师】 张大铭；

【作者基本信息】 新疆大学 ， 动物学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 大沙鼠(Rhomlomys opimus)与子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)皆为中亚荒漠地区的常见鼠种，在我国北方各地多有分布。在新疆北部除额尔齐斯河以北地区外，其它各地均见分布。子午沙鼠在新疆遍布整个荒漠和荒漠草原地带。在许多地段，两沙鼠的栖息地均有一定的重叠，大凡有大沙鼠栖息的地方，子午沙鼠往往相伴而生。大沙鼠与子午沙鼠经过长期的自然选择与遗传进化得以共存，成为荒漠啮齿动物群落中的同资源种团。本文主要研究了栖于同一原始生境—精河甘家湖荒漠梭梭林国家级自然保护区的大沙鼠与子午沙鼠种间生态位方面的分异，食物、繁殖和活动节律等，两鼠在该地长期保持共存的原因。2002-2003年期间，我们分春、夏、秋共九次对甘家湖荒漠梭梭林国家级自然保护区进行了野外鼠类现场调查，采用样方面积铗子法（5mX20m），连续置铗72小时，进行捕鼠，铗子采用中号板铗，饵料采用胡萝卜及油炸面包，早晚两次检查，统计捕获两鼠的数量，并对所有标本进行常规生物学测量，解剖、记录胚胎数及子宫斑数，保留头骨。按David、Moore所提供的度量聚集度的方法和Lloyd法分析两鼠不同季节的空间分布型；以Shannon-Weaner多样性指数和Cowll 、Futuyma(1971)公式计算不同季节大沙鼠与子午沙鼠空间与时间生态位的生态位宽度指数（Bi）和生态位重叠指数（Cij），观察两鼠的活动节律，并用显微组织学分析法研究了两鼠的食性。结果如下： <WP=5>1．大沙鼠与子午沙鼠不同季节都为聚群型分布，春、秋两季的聚集度高于夏季。两鼠间存在正相关，即有大沙鼠栖息的地方必有子沙鼠栖息，两者间有明显重叠(空间利用)。2．大沙鼠与子午沙鼠都有较宽的空间生态位，不同季节生态位宽度指数有不同的变化 。春、秋两季两鼠的生态位宽度指数均高于夏季，大沙鼠的空间生态位宽度指数在秋季高于子午沙鼠，春、夏低于子午沙鼠，年空间生态位宽度指数小于子午沙鼠。在我们研究的样地内，子午沙鼠为该鼠类群落中的优势鼠种。3．大沙鼠与子午沙鼠活动节律在春、夏有明显分异：大沙鼠活动多为白天，子午沙鼠活动多为夜晚。秋季两鼠都为昼间活动，时间有重叠。4．两沙鼠春秋两季都有两个繁殖高峰，但春季高于秋季。春季大沙鼠繁殖早于子午沙鼠15-20天，而在秋季停止繁殖早于子午沙鼠约20天左右。5．大沙鼠为较专一植食动物，它喜食富含水份的绿色植物的茎叶部分，子午沙鼠为较典型的杂食动物，除食一部分大沙鼠所食植物外，昆虫、种子等在胃中占很大比例。 我们的研究证实，在中纬度内陆干旱荒漠区，大沙鼠与子午沙鼠在同一生境交错栖息与分布，皆以不同食物为主导及所产生的生存活动、生长发育、繁衍生殖是其长期稳定共存的基础更多还原

【Abstract】 Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus are common species in the region of middle Asian deserts. Their habitats overlap in many places. Wherever Rhombomys opimus inhabits, Meriones meridianus is concomitant. They have become a guild in the desert rodent community after long-term natural selection and genetic evolution. This papers studied the difference of two rodent’s niche from their food, reproduction, active period.etc in different seasons in order to find out the reason why they have coexisted steadily for a long time in Jinghe Ganjia Lake(national conservation )From April in 2002 to October in 2003, we conducted 9 times wildness investigation in the way of plots-area with traps, traps was distributed according to 5X20, which last 72 hours and was checked every morning and dusk. The bait we used is carrot and fried bread. Clap is middle broad clap. We counted the numbers of capture two kinds of rodents, measuring with common biology methods, dissecting and recording number of embryos and womb spots, keeping the bone of head.. We measured the two species’ spatial internal distribution pattern with David ,Moor and Lloyd ways ,calculating their time and space niche broad index and niche overlap index, observing two rodents’ active period in different seasons. We also studied the habits by micro-tissue analysis, the conclusions are as follows: <WP=7>1. Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus have the cluster distribution in different seasons, but the cluster density in spring and autumn is stronger than in summer. The two rodents have the positive relation which means M.m live in the place where O.p live. Their habitats overlap.2. Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus have relative broaden spatial niche which are fluctuate in different seasons. Spatial niche broaden index (Bi )in spring and autumn are higher than in summer, respectively. O.m has higer Bi than M,m in autumn but lower in other seasons. The Bi in the whole year of M,m is higher than O.m’s. So M.m is the dominant species in the area where we studied.3. Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus have two different active period in spring and autumn: the follower choices daytime to act but the later choices the nighttime to act. In autumn, both of them choice daytime to act and their active time overlaps.4.Both of rodents have two breeding peak in spring and autumn respectively, and spring’s breeding peck is higher than in autumn. R o advanced by 15 or 20 days in proliferation in spring compared with M. M. but in autumn ,it reversed.5. Rhombomys opimus is a kind of onefold folivore. It likes eating <WP=8>plant’s stems and leaves which contain lots of water while Meriones meridianus is a kind of omnivore, Besides those foods that O.p eat, it eats also eats plenty of seeds, insects etc.We conformed that R.o and M.m coexisted in the same habitation of the middle latitude of deserts for a long time, based on food, activity , growth and proliferation更多还原