【作者】 刘业好；

【导师】 魏胜林；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 果树学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究的主要目的是探讨富士苹果开心形、小冠疏层形和纺锤形的光照分布体系与果实产量品质之间的相关性，揭示出北京地区大面积推广应用开心形后，在提高经济效益、改善果实品质等方面都优于小冠疏层形和纺锤形生态机制，并为乔化密植果园改造树形、培养合理群体结构、改善果实品质，保持果园连续优质丰产等提供理论依据和技术指导。结果表明：（1）高干开心形具有主枝少，枝类组成合理，树体结构开张的特点。（2）树体叶幕的光分布相对均衡，光分布呈现自上而下、由内而外逐渐增加的规律，外面最高，靠近树干的下部最低。树膛大于30%相对光照强度的比例大，且各层分布均匀一致。相对光照分布与树冠的相应层次呈显著正相关，树冠内很少有无效光区（＜30%的全日照区域），大于40%全日照的光区占树冠体积的70%以上。（3）不同枝类和不同叶位的叶片其光合能力有明显的差异；高干开心树形由于其总枝量较少，且树冠中光照充足，叶片的光合能力明显高于小冠疏层形和自然纺锤形。（4）苹果的着色面积（F=2784.53**＞F0.01）、硬度（F=26.52**＞F0.01）、可溶性固形物含量（F=1.48**＞F0.01）和单果重（F=101.31**＞F0.01）、可滴定酸（F=157.98**＞F0.01）与光照分布呈极显著正相关。高干开心树形能显著提高苹果的产量（45.45公斤/株），并且使果实主要分布在光照充足的中上部，优质果率（63％）明显高于小冠疏层形（54％）和自然纺锤形（51％）。（5）铺设反光膜改善了下层的光照条件，其中高干开心形的效果最好，这主要归因于其良好的透光性（底层相对光照强度增加50％）。而另外两种树形由于树冠比较封闭，所以效果不明显。在铺设反光膜的同时摘叶和转果能显著提高苹果的外观品质（下层苹果全红果率比对照提高了192％）。（6）本试验的结果表明，苹果的品质与相对光照呈极显著正相关。单果重的最佳相对光照范围为30%～100%，最佳值为36%；果实硬度的取值范围为30%～100%，最佳值为73%；可溶性固形物的取值范围为34%～100%，最佳值为82%；着色面积的取值范围为40%～100%，最佳值为36%，当相对光强大于80%时，果实着色不再增加，且容易引起日烧果，综合考虑树冠的最佳相对光照范围为40%～80%。更多还原

【Abstract】 The main purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between relative light radiation intensity distribution and the fruit quality and output within three canopy shapes of “Fuji apple”, the three canopy shapes are the high stem and open center shape, the small and sparse canopy shape and the spindle shape. The result show the ecological mechanism that the high stem and open center shape is superior to the small and sparse canopy shape and the spindle shape in all sides, especially its effects in increasing production and economy benefits are marked. This study provides theoretic base and instructively technical measures for reconstructing tree shape in heighten and denser planted orchards, cultivating reasonable population structure, improving fruit quality, maintaining continually high quality and fertility of orchards. From this experiment we can obtain the following conclusions:(1) The high stem and open center shape is characteristics for fewer main branches, reasonable composing of twigs and open frame of tree body. (2) The light radiation intensity distribution within canopy is relative equilibrium, it also increase gradually from bottom to top and inner to outer of canopy, which is highest in outer and lowest in bottom closed to trunk. The proportion of it more than 30% of relative light radiation intensity in tree body is not only higher, but uniform in every layer. The relative light radiation intensity distribution is positively correlated with corresponding crown layers in trees. There are fewer invalidated light radiation sections within crowns, where the relative light radiation intensity is lower than 30%. The sections where the relative light radiation intensity is more than 40% account for 70% of the area of whole crown. (3) The photosynthetic capacity of different kinds of twigs and leaves at different positions is notably different. Due to having fewer total quantity of twigs and enough light radiation in crowns, the high stem and open center shape has obviously higher photosynthetic capacity of leaves than the small and sparse canopy shape and the spindle shape.(4) Pigmentation area（F=2784.53**＞F0.01）, rigidity（F=26.52**＞F0.01）, content of soluble substance（F=1.48**＞F0.01）, single weight of fruit（F=101.31**＞F0.01）, and titratable acidity（F=157.98**＞F0.01） are strongly, notably and positively correlated with the light radiation intensity distribution. The high stem and open center shape can notably increase the output of apple (45.45kg/tree), and make the fruit distribute in top and middle <WP=5>parts of trees, where the light radiation is enough. The ratio of fruit with high quality of this tree shape (63%) is obviously higher than the small and sparse canopy shape (54%) and the spindle shape (51%).(5) It can improve light radiation in bottom to lay reflector membrane, particularly in the high stem and open center shape, which has a good character for light to permeate（the relative light radiation intensity of lower layer is boosted 50%）. However, the crown is much closer in the other two kinds of shape, so the effect in them is not obvious. At the same time, picking leaves and turning around fruit can notably improve apparent quality of fruit (the proportion of fully red apple in lower layer is increased 192% compared to CK).(6) The result of this experiment shows that the quality of fruit has a strongly and notably positive correlation with the relative light radiation intensity. The best range of the relative light radiation intensity for single weight is from 30% to 100%, in which the best value is 36%; for rigidity of fruit, 30%～100%, the best value, 73%; for content of solubility substance, 34%～100%, the best value, 82%; for pigmentation area, 40%～100%, the best value, 36%. When the relative light radiation intensity is more than 80%, pigmentation area of fruit increases no longer, and the sunstroke fruit are formed easily. In general, the best range of the relative light radiation intensity in crowns is 40%～80%.更多还原