【作者】 杨龙；

【导师】 涂险峰；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 文化史和观念史，归根到底是人的历史。人的发展的不同阶段伴随着对人的位置的不同界定。西方的现代化首先即源自人的独立，并且由自我实现和扩张来不断推进。二十世纪西方的人本主义转向，辨证性地回避了本质主义的偏执。人们大都专注于批判人类的存在现实，人的位置几经刻画，显示出对人的不同理解及其纷繁的思想旨趣。 二十世纪西方现代主义文学潮头林立，其中法国文学家阿尔贝·加缪和美国文学家索尔·贝娄更少一些现代派追新逐异的色彩，而始终致力于审视和思考人的存在。他们的认识既相差异，又或有暗合。加缪从生命个体的时间性出发，强调人的孤独以及人的限度，将人的自我定位于他者的局外，呈现个体的孤独，同时将人生的意义限定于生活世界，否弃死亡，绝不脱离时间，坚持存在的绝对在场，而奠定这种坚持的即是人的意识，要求以一种形而上学的反抗姿态来坚持生活。贝娄在社会和文化的层面把自我置于与他者的复杂关系中，自我在局外与局内有着不经意的更迭，人始终处在社会、文化和历史的局内，从中贝娄特别发掘了自我与他者、人与时代及文化的精神联系。在贝娄那里，人生更表现为一种精神现实，现实是精神受难的现实，人的位置应该构建于终极性的精神超越中。更多还原

【Abstract】 The history of culture and concept are on the earth the history of human being, accompanied with different definitions of the position of human being throughout periods. The western modernization derived from the human independence, and has constantly been driven by the fulfillment and expansion of the self. The turn of Humanism in the 20th century in the west dialectically avoided the single-mindedness of the Essentialism. People have been absorbed in criticizing the existent reality of Man. They have described the position of human being many times, and expressed a variety of understandings and thoughts.The French writer Albert Camus and the American writer Saul Bellow had always been devoting themselves to inspecting and meditating on human existence. Their views are different from each other and sometimes privately in accordance.. Camus’ consideration begins with the character of time in individual life and emphasizes the isolation and limitation of human being. He defines the self as at the outside of the other, exhibiting the isolation of individual. At the same time, he confines the value of human life to the living world, refusing the death and insisting on the presence of being. Such an insistence bases on the consciousness of human being, which demands man keep to living by means of metaphysical rebellion. Starting from the aspects of society and culture, Bellow places the self in its complicate contact with the other. The self often converts unexpectedly between the outside and the inside. In fact, man always finds himself in the inside of the society, the culture and the history, under which Bellow particularly explores the spiritual connection of the self and the other, of man and the era and the culture. In Bellow’s mind, human life would rather embody a certain spiritual reality, and the reality is that of the spiritual suffering. Therefore, the position of human being should be oriented in an ultimate transcending of spirit.更多还原