【作者】 张晋海；

【导师】 阿明布和；

【作者基本信息】 内蒙古师范大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 戊戌年间到五四以前，是中国近代民主思想的形成、成熟和发展时期。在帝国主义加紧侵略和民族危机加深的历史条件之下，维新派、革命派和激进民主主义者由于他们社会基础的差别和面临的具体形势的不同，在学习西方民主制度和民主思想时，做出了各自不同的取舍，形成了特色各异的关于救亡强国的民主思想。维新派主张在现有制度内部实现君主立宪，他们做了大量的民主启蒙工作，但其民主思想中有较多的封建色彩。革命派主张推翻封建专制制度，建立民主共和制度，并在建立适合中国国情的民主制度方面做了有益的探索。他们的民主思想中封建色彩较少，但他们过于看重制度建设，而在民主思想的宣传上不及维新派那样深入扎实。激进民主主义者西化程度最高，他们所发动的新文化运动同封建专制主义思想文化进行了彻底的决裂，他们对西方民主思想的传播深入到了西方民主思想的深层——个人主义和个性解放。因而，他们弥补了维新派、革命派民主启蒙工作的不足，把从维新派开始的思想解放运动推向了高潮。三派民主思想的核心问题是在中国建立一个什么样的民主制度。围绕这一问题，这个时期民主思想的演进呈现如下特征：民主从救国的手段渐渐转变为目的本身；从早期改良派只重西方政治制度而忽略其思想基础的片面宣传，转到了制度建设与思想建设并重，并越来越重视思想建设的作用；民主的内涵日渐丰富，民主的外延逐步扩大；民主的宣传对象逐步由上层社会转至下层社会；对西方民主的学习表现出由浅入深、由表及里的承递性；与封建专制主义的联系，出现了由联系较多到不断决裂的发展过程。三派民主思想对中国历史的发展产生了重大推动作用，但由于阶级和时代的原因，仍有其历史的局限性。今天，研究戊戌年间到五四以前民主思想的演进，具有重要的学术价值和政治借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The period of the Reform Movement of 1898 to the May 4th Movement was the time for the modern democratic ideology to form,mature and develop.The reformists,revolutionaries and radical democrats formed ideas of every description to save the nation and to build China into a powerful country thanks to the differences of their social foundation and the differences of the concrete conditions facing them,making their own choice while learning from the Western democratic system and thought.Reformists favouved the realization of the constitutional monarchy within the existing system,doing a lot of enlightening work in democracy.However,their democratic thought contained large quantities of feudal colour.The revolutionary group maintained that the feudal revolutionary autocracy should be overthrown and the democratic republic should be founded,doing beneficial exploration concerning the democratic system tallying with the Chinese national condition.Their democratic thought contained less feudal colour.They paid excessive attention to the construction of the system,but they did not disseminated the democratic thought in depth and in down-to-earth manner,just as reformists did.Radical democrats’westernization was the highest,and they broke with the ideology and culture of the feudal autocracy thoroughly through the New Culture Movement which they aroused,They spread the Western democratic thought until they got to the heart of hearts - individualism and individual emancipation. So they counteracted the weakness of refsormists and revolutionary group in democratic enlightening work,so that they propelled the ideological emancipation to the climax.The core of the democratic thoughts of three different schools was about what kind of democratic system would be founded in China,around which theevolution of the democratic thought emerged the following features:democracy became the aim by itself from the means of the salvation of the nation.In the early period,reformists only paid attention to one-sided propaganda of the Western political system,but overlooked its ideological foundation,Now they shifted gradually to lay equal stress on the construction of system and ideology,and further they paid more and more attention to ideological consturction.The connotation of democracy became rich and generous,while the extention of democracy enlarged step by step.The objects of the democratic propaganda transferred from the upper-class society to the lower strata of society.The manifestation to learn from the West became the continuity from the easy to the difficult and from the outside to the inside.The relation between democracy and feudal outocrcy appeared a process,in which democacy contacted feudal autocracy till it broke with feadal autocracy.The democratic ideology of three different schools brought about powerful motive force for the development of Chinese history.Yet owing to the cause of class status and the times,they had their own limitation.Today research into the evolution of democratic ideology from the period of the Reform Movement of 1898 to the May 4th Movement is of important academic value and politically referential significance.更多还原