季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂的合成及表面活性的研究

【作者】 迟波；

【导师】 吕春绪； 叶志文；

【作者基本信息】 南京理工大学 ， 应用化学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 表面活性剂在工农业生产和日常生活中具有广泛的用途和重要的意义，因此，探索具有高表面活性的新型表面活性剂是摆在科研人员面前的重要课题。 当前，一类新型的表面活性剂——低聚表面活性剂（oligomeric surfactant）成为研究的热点，其中典型的例子是二聚表面活性剂，也称为Gemini表面活性剂。Gemini表面活性剂是一种分子结构新颖的新型表面活性剂，表现出很多奇异的特性。 本论文通过一系列的实验，合成了两个系列的Gemini表面活性剂联结基团为亚甲基的C₁₂-s-C₁₂·2Br（s=3，4，6）和含羟基联结基团的β。测定了其临界胶团浓度cmc、表面张力γ_cmc、降低表面张力的效率C₂₀；测定了它们的胶团聚集数，并讨论了影响因素；研究了C₁₂-s-C₁₂·2Br／SDS及B／SDS复配性能；同时，论文还对C₁₂-s-C₁₂·2Br系列Gemini表面活性剂的应用进行了探讨。主要工作和实验结果如下： 1合成了两个系列的季铵盐Gemini表面活性剂，对其结构进行了鉴定，并对影响反应的因素进行了讨论，找出了合成的最佳合成条件。 2测定了两个系列Gemini表面活性剂的临界胶团浓度cmc、表面张力γ_cmc、降低水溶液表面张力的效率C₂₀，发现与相应的传统表面活性剂相比，Gemini表面活性剂具有很低的cmc和很强的表面活性。 3研究了Gemini表面活性剂的表面过剩吸附量和分子面积与Gemini表面活性剂结构之间的关系。发现Gemini表面活性剂的表面过剩吸附量随联接基团碳数的增加而减少，而在界面上的分子面积A却相反。对本课题所合成的Gemini表面活性剂的起泡性能进行了比较，其中含羟基的Gemini表面活性剂β具有良好的起泡性和稳泡性。 4采用荧光探针技术测定了两个系列的Gemini表面活性剂的胶团聚集数，发现阳离子Gemini表面活性剂的浓度强烈影响其胶束聚集数，尤其是对较短联结基团时，连接基团越短，其胶束聚集数越大。温度上升，Gemini表面活性剂的胶束聚集数下降。 5Gemini表面活性剂和SDS的复配比相应普通表面活性剂与SOS的复配能更有效地降低溶液的表面张力，混合表面性剂的cmc大大低于普通表面活性剂之间的复配的cmc。 6同DTAB相比，阳离子Gemini型表面活性剂C₁₂-3-C₁₂·2Br对涤纶织物的碱减量处理具有明显的促进作用。因此它可用作印染助剂。更多还原

【Abstract】 Because surfactants play a very important role in industry and agriculture production and daily life, exploring novel surfactants with high surface activity is an important thesis to research werkers.At present, a kind of novel surfactant--oligomeric surfactant which havehigh surface activity have become one of focus on surfactant research. A typical example of them is dimeric or Gemini surfactant. Quaternary ammonium Gemini surfactants exhibit peculiar properties because of its novel molecular structure.In this paper, through a series of experiments, two series of quaternary-ammonium Gemini surfactants were synthesized. Their critical micelle concentration(cmc ) values, the surface tension at their cmc( γ cmc) values , the efficiency of decreasing the surface tension(C2o) and the micelle aggregation number were measured; and the factor affected the results were also discussed. The properties of the system of C12-s-C12 2Br/SDS have been investigated. Meanwhile, the use of C12-s-C12 2Br was discussed in this paper. The main results are as follows:1 Two series of quaternary-ammonium Gemini surfactants have been synthesized with their structures testified. The optimized methods of synthesis were determined by discussing the factors affecting reactions.2 Their critical micelle concentration(cmc ) values, the surface tension at their cmc( γ cmc) values and the efficiency of decreasing the surface tension(C20) of the two series surfactants were measured. Results show that Gemini surfactants have much lower cmc and stronger surface activity comparing with the corresponding common surfactants.3 The excess absorption amount at surface and the area of molecule were discussed. A conclusion can be drawn that the excess absorption amount increases and the area of molecule decreases with the increase of space group carbon number. In the foaming properties of the Gemini surfactants synthesized in this paper, β has shown excellent foaming quality and its foam has the most stable properties.4 The micelle aggregation number were measured by the technique time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ) and fluorescence polarization. The concentration of quaternary-ammonium Gemini surfactants has greatinfluences on the micelle aggregation number. The micelle aggregation number increases with the length of spacer group decreased; and the micelle aggregation number decreases with the temperature increasing.5 The Mixtures of Gemini surfactants and SDS can lower the surface tension of water solutions more effectively, compared with those of the corresponding common surfactants. Their critical micelle concentration(cmc ) values are more small than those of mixtures of common surfactants.6 Compared with DTAB, C12-3-C12 2Br can promote the rate of the alkali reduction on terylene more efficiently. So it can be used as textile auxiliaries.更多还原