论侵权责任和契约责任之关系

【作者】 齐彬；

【导师】 吴春燕；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 法律， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 自罗马法以来，侵权责任和契约责任一直是民事法律责任制度的两大独立责任。传统民法将民事责任制度一分为二，认为契约责任就是契约当事人一方不履行契约义务而产生的责任，而侵权责任则是不履行契约义务之外的其它致人损害所产生的责任。作为一种制度设计，法律必须确定侵权责任和契约责任之间的关系，明确划定侵权法和契约法各自的“势力范围”，以避免侵权责任对契约责任适用领域的入侵，确保契约责任的独立性。因为法律认为契约责任是一种特定的责任，而侵权责任则是一种一般责任，契约责任之外的领域即是侵权责任的领地。这种人为的“非此即彼”的划分为日后侵权责任与契约责任的相互对抗、相互扩张、相互渗透埋下了伏笔。 民事责任的二分法，无视社会生活的多样性和多变性，用一种近似静止的、纯逻辑推理的方法强制性地为契约责任和侵权责任划定责任领域，而且为了维持这种划分的权威性，动辄依赖强制性力量来阻止侵权责任向契约责任的渗透，即使这样做将严重损及当事人的利益并引发极度的不公平后果也在所不惜。然而，侵权责任和契约责任的关系是一个关联利益保护、涉及公共政策的复杂问题。为了回应现实的要求，无论契约责任还是侵权责任都不会安于现状。生存的本能使他们在确保自己的领地不受威胁的前提下向对方领域展开了渗透和扩张。这是贯穿其中的一条主线。在这种掺和了人力因素的渗透和反渗透、扩张和反扩张的持续不断、此消彼长的对垒中，它们各自都发生了怎样的消长，结果如何，本文即由此着眼，较系统的论述了契约责任和侵权责任在二十世纪的演变。 除导论外，全文共计四部分。 第一部分 首先论述了传统民法关于契约责任和侵权责任的区分标准，尤其着重探讨和反思了传统民法关于两大责任区分的核心标准——义务的性质和所保护的利益。本文认为，以义务的性质和所保护的利益来区分侵权责任和契约责任在19世纪有其合理之处，但今天已无法令人信服。一方面，随着社会经济的发展，由于垄断加剧、格式合同及“灰色条款”以及消费者弱势群体的出现，立法者和法官开始介入当事人订立的合同，从个人利益与社会利益、个人利益与个人利益平衡的角度对契约自由重新进行了审视和引导。另一方面，由于信赖因素在诸多案例中的关键作用，契约义务与侵权义务的分界线日趋模糊。双方合意在侵权行为中有时也可能发挥重要作用，“同意”在某些情况下将防止侵权责任的产生。其次，随着社会的发展，契约责任不仅保护期待利益，而且对信赖利益的返还年}{益也给予保护。侵权责任也加强了对期待利益尤其是对纯经济损失的保护。 第二部分讨论了侵权责任和契约责任的竞合问题。首先分析了侵权责任和契约责任竞合的原因，认为契约责任和侵权责任竞合的根本原因在于契约法和侵权法既相互独立又相互重叠，两大责任竞合的本质问题是由于社会经济发生剧变而导致侵权责任效力拓展的问题。其次，从比较法的角度介绍和分析了世界各国处理责任竞合问题的三种方法并对我国有关责任竞合的理论学说、立法和司法实践进行了探讨，提出我国应借鉴限制竞合的方法来完善本国的责任竞合制度。达到既充分保护受害人利益又不侵害加害人合法利益的协调。最后，对违约性精神损害赔偿在世界范围内的发展进行了综合考察，提出我国的有关制度设计。 第三部分本文在此考察了现代契约法和侵权法在新形势下的发展。为了适应社会经济的飞速发展，为了应对侵权责任的咄咄攻势，两大法系国家都突破了契约相对性原则，先后创立了以德国法上“附保护第三人效力的契约”、美国法上“对利益第三人的担保责任”、法国法上“可转移的瑕疵担保责任”等为代表的契约制度，扩张了契约责任对第三人利益的保护力度。而侵权责任则以纯经济损失的保护为突破口，加快了向契约责任渗透的步伐。 第四部分面对现代契约责任和侵权责任的发展，本文在此展望了两大责任的未来发展趋势，并提出了作者的见解。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since Roman law, tort liability and contractual liability have been two independent liabilities in civil liability system. Traditional civil law divides civil liability into two parts: tort liability and contractual liability. In its opinions, contractual liability is created when contractual parties don’t perform contractual duties. Tort liability is created when non-contractual parties infringe others’ rights. Being the design of system, law must confirm the relations between tort liability and contractual liability, which defines the scope of each other and avoid the effect from each other. For in law, contractual liability is a special liability and tort liability is a common liability, as it is the scope of tort liability outside the scope of contractual liability. But the sorts of tort liability and contractual liability damage the benefits of parties, even result in unfair conditions. Therefore, the thesis discusses the expansion and penetration between tort liability and contractual liability.There are four parts in the thesis, except the introduction:The first part discusses the standards to tell about tort liability from contractual liability in traditional civil law fundamental, which is the liability nature and protected benefits. The thesis believes it is reasonable, to some extent, to tell tort liability from contractual one according to liability nature and protected benefits in 19th century. But nowadays, it is unreasonable .On one side, there appears aggravation of monopoly, standard contracts and feeble consumers with the development of society and economy. And law-makers and judges begin to interfere with the contracts signed by parties .In another side, the scope between tort liability and contractual liability becomes confused due to the key function of confidence benefits. It is also important of agreement in tort possibly, and agreement could prevent tort liability in certain conditions. At the same time, contractual liability protects confidence benefits, but return benefits as well. Tort liability enhances the protection for confidence benefits, especially the pure economic loss.The second part discusses concurrent between tort liability and contractual liability. First, it analyses the reasons for concurrent between tort liability andcontractual liability, which holds the basic reasons use in the independent and coincidence of tort law and contractual law. The coincidence of two liabilities’ fundamental problems is the tort liability effect expansion resulted from violent changes in society and economy. Then, it discusses and analyses the three ways to treat concurrent in other countries by comparison. Meanwhile, it discusses die theories, legislation and judicial practice about concurrent in China and suggests that China should perfect the liability concurrent system via studying to confirm concurrent. Finally, it comprehensively discusses the contract-breach spirit damage compensation in the world and provide the system design for China.The third part discusses the development of modern tort law and contractual law in new conditions .For the fast advancement of social economy and attract of tort liability, two law family nations break the contract relative principle and create many new contract systems, which expands the protection effect for the third party of contractual liability.The last part analyses the future development and trend of two liabilities. And it provides author’s own ideas while facing the development of modern tort liability and contractual liability.更多还原