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保险诈骗罪研究

【作者】 赵正华

【导师】 张绍彦;

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 , 刑法学, 2004, 硕士

【副题名】着重实行行为的角度

【摘要】 保险诈骗罪的疑难问题很多,同时研究这些疑难问题的视角也会有所不同,本文着重从该罪实行行为的角度,对该罪的一些疑难问题有选择地进行研究。 在保险诈骗罪的行为样态部分,笔者基于该罪是结果犯(后文将有所论及)的认识,认为其行为方式有三大类,即针对保险标的的犯罪行为,针对保险事故的犯罪行为和为保险诈骗提供虚假证明的犯罪行为,并对三种行为方式逐一进行阐释。 在保险诈骗罪的犯罪形态部分,笔者将着重讨论该罪实行行为的未遂形态、实行行为的共犯形态以及实行行为的个数三大问题。 区别保险诈骗罪的预备与未遂的关键在于正确认定保险诈骗罪中实行行为着手的时点。本文借鉴德国法学界有关实行行为着手的理论,分析我国刑法学界中有关保险诈骗罪“实行的着手”的几种观点,在此基础上,笔者认为虚构保险标的,编造未曾发生的保险事故,制造保险事故等几种为索赔设定原因的行为仅仅是保险诈骗罪的预备行为,而非实行行为,行为人开始实施以上几种行为并不能认定为保险诈骗罪实行行为的着手,只有开始实施向保险人申请给付保险金时才是实行行为的着手。其理由如下:(1)实行行为并不是符合构成要件的行为,而是直接侵害或者威胁法益而为完成该种犯罪的必需的行为。因而实行行为的“着手”就应当是开始实施具有侵害法益的一定程度的危险性的行为。(2)若将五种为索赔设定原因的行为视为实行行为,那么在行为人为诈取保险金而实施故意杀人、放火等独立犯罪行为时,将会导致对同一行为刑法上的重复评价。(3)行为人虚构保险标的,编造保险事故的虚假原因,制造保险事故的行为,完全符合我国刑法有关预备犯罪的规定,应当视为保险诈骗罪的预备行为。 保险诈骗罪是行为犯,还是结果犯?对这一问题的回答直接关系到保险诈骗罪既未遂形态的认定,笔者认为保险诈骗罪是结果犯,即应当以保险人的财产是否受到损失作为判断保险诈骗罪既未遂形态的标准。即保险人已遭受数额较大的财产损失的,为本罪的既遂;行为人已着手实施保险诈骗行为,但由于意志以外的原因未能获得保险赔偿的,则是保险诈骗罪的未遂。 保险诈骗罪不是必要的共犯,因此,对于二人以上共同犯保险诈骗罪的应当依照刑法总则关于共同犯罪的规定处理。尽管如此,仍然有两个问题需要研讨。 笔者认为,刑法第198条第4款,即‘保险事故的鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人故意提供虚假的证明文件,为他人诈骗提供条件的,以保险诈骗罪的共犯论处。”属于注意规定,而非特别规定。笔者在考察了注意规定与特别规定的概念和相互区别之后,指出区分注意规定与特别规定的基本意义在于明确该规定是否修正或补充了相关的基本规定,即将某种规定视为特别规定还是注意规定,会导致适用条件的不同,形成不同的认识结论,也会导加寸贪污、贿赂罪等相关条文的理解的不同。 对于保险诈骗的行为人与保险公司的工作人员相勾结骗取保险金的共同犯罪行为如何定罪的问题,笔者认为按照实行犯的犯罪性质决定共同犯罪的性质,但这种观点也面临着如何确定实行行为以及难以保证罪刑相适应等两个难题。为了解决上述难题,必须有适当的补充原则,其中要运用部分犯罪共同说的原理。 那么,以什么为标准确定共同犯罪的性质?笔者认为问题的关键在于如何确定共同犯罪的核心角色。核心角色的确定,必须综合主体身份、主观内容、客观行为以及主要的被害法益等方面来考察,在认定了共同犯罪的性质是保险诈骗罪或者职务侵占罪、贪污罪之后,再比较法定开J的轻重,进而决定是否对各共犯人分别定罪。 对于保险诈骗罪的罪数问题,在刑法理论和司法实践中均存在诸多难点。本文着重讨论两个问题:1,行为人在实施保险诈骗行为时,其方法行为又触犯刑法中的其他罪名的,是定一罪还是定数罪的问题。我国刑法第198条将保险诈骗罪的客观表绷于为列为五项,但仅规定当有第四项、第五项所列行为,同时构成其他犯罪的,依照数罪并罚的规定处罚,那么司法实践中如有第一、二、三项所列行为,同时又构成其他犯罪的,应为一罪还是数罪呢?笔者在考察已有观点的基础上,认为应根据不同的情况进行具体的分析,而不能一概地数罪并罚或从一重罪论处。。2,当行为人仅实施了制造保险事故的犯罪行为,如故意造成财产损失,故意造成被保险人死亡、伤残或疾病,但还未向保险人提出索赔的,是定一罪还是定数罪,此即牵连犯的定罪问题。对于牵连犯这种犯罪现象,理论和司法实践中并没有一个定一罪还是定数罪的统一标准,而我国刑法中也只是规定对有些牵连犯予以数罪处罚,而对有些牵连犯则只从一重罪处罚。笔者认为,对于牵连犯罪数的认定,应具体分析,一律认定为一罪或数罪是不可取的。同时,对于保险诈骗罪的牵连犯,虽然我国刑法第198条第2款作了明文规定,但此种规定是否足以解决所有关于该罪的牵连犯问题,笔者则不以为然,本文将对此展开具体论述。

【Abstract】 There are a lot of difficult question about fraud of insurance, but at the same time the visual angles of researching these questions are not the same. This article will choose some difficult questions of fraud of insurance to research from the angle of practising behaviour.About the practising behaviour’s pattern of fraud of insurance, the author thinks there are three kinds of behaviour, and those are criminal behaviour to object of insurance, criminal behaviour to insurance accident and criminal behaviour about providing false proof for fraud, Here, the article will mainly discuss the stopping state of practising behaviour, common crime and amount of practising behaviour.The key of making a distinction between preparation and attempt of fraud of insurance is that we should fix the starting of practising behaviour.The author thinks, fabricating object of insurance, making up insurance accident that didn’t happen at all and creating insurance accident, all these behaviours are not practising behaviours, but preparation behaviours. Only the behaviour of applying for insurance money to insurer is the starting of this crime’s practising behaviour.Fraud of insurance is a crime of behaviour, or a crime of result? The answer to this question will be of vital importance to hold the attempt of fraud of insurance. The fraud of insurance is a crime of result and the standard of distinguishing criminal attempt and criminal accomplishment of the crime is that if insurer’s property suffers losses. The fraud of insurance isn’t a necessary common crime.So about common crime which over two persons commit it is necessary to handle it according to general rules of criminal law.Then what standard should we according to difme the character of common crime.The key of the question is that we should understand who is the core part of common crime.There are lots of difficult points in criminal theory and justiciary practice about crime’s amount of fraud of insurance. These difficultpoints mainly happen in these circumstances that when actor is commmitting fraud of insurance, the method of the act or the result of the act violates other offences of criminal law. Article 198 of Chinese criminal law stipulates five kinds of behavious of fraud of insurance. But it just demands that if the behaviours of the forth and the fifth section violate other offences, we should penalize the actor using several charges at the same time. But if the behaviours of the first, the second and the third section violate other offences of criminal law at the same time,what should we do with it? About implicated crime, there is not a unitary standard of holding a crime or several crimes in criminal theory and justiciary practice.Chinese criminal law only penalizes some implicated crimes using several charges and sometimes penalizes implicated cime using one charge. The author thinks it isn’t reasonable to firmly believe implicated crime to be a crime or several crimes without exception, and we should make concrete analysis during inquiring into implicated crime of fraud of insurance.

  • 【分类号】D924.3
  • 【被引频次】1
  • 【下载频次】204
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