节点文献

对VoIP电话QoS问题的研究

Research on QoS of VoIP Telephone

【作者】 曹志强

【导师】 魏达;

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 , 软件工程, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 IP 电话目前在国内、国际长途通话中已被广泛使用,已成为电信运营商的主要服务种类。但是 IP 电话的通话质量还存在许多问题。于是如何提高 IP 分组语音通信的质量就成为当前 IP 领域的一个研究热点。本论文是基于我在实际工作中掌握的相关技术和发现的 IP 电话的实际问题,并阅读了大量关于 VoIP 的技术和理论的书籍写出。意在用新的技术理论建立新的互联网络数据实时传输模式,提高数据实时传输的质量,最终解决 IP 电话的质量问题。 语音的服务质量(Quality-of-Service, QOS)是一个主观测量,不同的人对电话音质有不同的反应。为了帮助量化一个技术的质量,目前常用平均意见分(Mean Opininon Score,MOS)法评价, MOS≥4.0 分为高质量音质,MOS≥3.5 分为通信质量。中国卫通现运行的 VoIP 电话网的 QoS 状况还存在:1)回声 2)抖动 3)断续 4)掉线 的质量问题, 影响服务的 QoS。文章对数字语音编码、数据分组和 IP 包封装、IP 数据在因特网的传送、传输电路、语音占用的带宽、长春最大带宽需求各环节作了具体分析。最后得出影响 QoS 结论。网关上数字语音编码、数据分组和 IP 封装环节的一些策略,不太适合 Internet 网络对于 VoIP 数据的传输,但不是问题的主要因素。影响中国卫通 VoIP 的 QoS 的主要因素在于网络的时延和路由点的数据包的丢失。在于Internet 网络的路由处理上。IP 网络的初衷只是提供一种称之为“尽力而为”(Best Effort)的服务,对于 UDP 协议是一个无连接的系统。这意味着因特网上不需要建立路由表去保留有关连接的信息,因为根本就没有建立连接。在电话网中主叫和被叫用户之间建立面向连接的固定通路。然而,因特网是一个无连接的和自适应路由的数据网。必然由延时和分组包丢失发生。所以服务质量 QoS 是难以保障的。延时很重要,因为它直接影响到电话的语音质量。当延时超过 250ms 时,其通信质量就很差。过长的延时导致讲话人重叠、回声、抖动和不同步。还会导致信息丢失,因为迟到的样点已经不能为数模转换器所用。分组丢失对语音质量有非常大的不良影响。当前的语音编码器声码器在分组丢失率小于 10% 的情况下,简单的办法是在丢失包的间隔处插入最后接收到的包。仍能恢复出质量可接受的语音信号。否则将语音信号质量将严重受损。导致了非常差的 QoS 出现。DiffServ 的解决方案在技术上吸收了 IntServ 的优点, 屏弃了 IntServ 的缺点, 它也对分组进行分类处理。由于 DiffServ 目前还处在进一步的发展中, 对它展开研究可以缩小我国与国外在计算机网络理论与技术方面的差距, 因而具有重要意义。在路由节点上建立每一跳的行为 (PHB)控制机制。具体策略: <WP=72>对多媒体视频或视频会议的数据传送,采用 RTP区分承载技术区分多媒体视频数据包和多媒体伴音数据包,用较高的优先级保证多媒体伴音数据包的 QoS 。而且根据 PT 域内的函数值可以分辨包中的净荷类型。采用ATM 网络的 AAL 2 同样方式的固定大小语音包在发送端网关设备上事先做好数据流的整形,根据压缩后IP/UDP/RTP包头的大小(9字节),确定语音包大小(10字节)。加压缩报头大小共19 字节,比原60字节减小41 字节,其中语音包减小10 字节。IP/UDP/RTP 包头有一半的字节在整个连接期间保持不变,只有顺序号和时间戳是因包而异的。尽管每个包中总有几个字节要发生变化,但包与包之间的区别却是恒定的,因此二次差分为0。没有必要连续发送相同的数据。这些值可以存储在一个表中,根据CID字段使用哈希函数方法查找。压缩后的IP/UDP/RTP包头9字节。在网关上分析 RTCP 报告中的发送方的数据包数、累计包损(在网关上把是延过大丢弃的包当成包损处理)。当包损大时,对路由器发出改换路径的操作指令,指令标示在IP/UDP/RTP 压缩头中rerouter 字段。⑥ 采用 ATM 方式的虚拟实电路方式。计算最佳路径,绕过那些负载过重造成延时、丢包的路由器,并尽可能使用同一路径,使各数据包在网络上的时延相等,到达顺序保持不变。在路由器中针对每数据包的报头缓存中建立路径指示区,确定下一跳的路由地址。会话的返回数据包也按相同路径反向传送。仿真实电路传输。⑦ 设定不同优先级别(TOS)的数据包所受到的待遇不同,这样可以确保语音、图像等对实时性要求比较高的数据包优先传输,以提高传输质量。⑧ 采用随机早期检测算法(RED)检测UDP/RTP包发送队列的长度,判断阻塞程度,对不同的包给与不同的通过策略。当网络发生拥塞时,RED就优先丢弃优先级较低的数据包,避免路由器或交换设备缓冲区溢出。⑨ 为减少路由的处理压力,加快处理速度。采用多处理器同时并行工作。⑩ 建立 UDP 和 TCP双处理通道,分开处理 UDP 和 TCP 数据包。 在路由器中 UDP/RTP 包 QOS 模块对数据包的操作:对IP/UDP/RTP 包头缓存表操作。收到首个数据报(包头未压缩)根据计算的CID 参量把包头存入缓存区,并预留路由下一跳的IP 地址的缓存空间。由于会话首个数据包担负着电话交换机之间的信令连接和各路由点的会话环境建立的任务非常重要,所以对首个数据报无条件直接转发。(2)能够根据

【Abstract】 IP telephone is widely used in the domestic and internal long distance call currently and became the main service of telecommunication service company. But IP telephone has much problems in communication quality. So how to improve the quality of IP fragment voice correspondence is a hot research direction. This paper is written based on the correlative technology of gripped in my work and the founding practical problem of IP telephone, and reading much VoIP technology and theory books. The aim is to use new technology theory creating new transmission pattern of real time data transmission in internet and increasing the quality of transmission , solving the quality problem of IP telephone at last.QOS is a subjective measure, different people has different reflection to telephone tone .In order to calculate a quality of technology, the main method used is MOS appraise. MOS≥4.0 is high quality audio frequency, MOS≥3.5 is communication quality. The VoIP telephone network Qos of China Satellite Communications has such problems 1) echo 2) dithering 3) intermittence 4) falling line , these problem affect the QOS of Service.This paper analyse these problems:digital voice coding, data fragment,IP packet encapsulating, IP data packet transmitting in Internet, transmition circuit, voice impropriating bandwidth, the max bandwidth of ChangChun, Though these getting the result of influence Qos. Some policies about voice coding, data fragment and IP encapsulation are not fit for VoIP data transmission in the Internet, but these are not main reasons .The main reason influence Qos of VoIP in China Satellite Communication are delay ,packet loss and route disposal in network. IP network initial aim is to offer a Best Effort service.To UDP protocol is a connectless system. This mean that Internet is not to create router table to save connecting state because it is not to create connect at all. In telephone network the caller and the user who is called should create a fixed gateway to connect. However,Internet is a data network of connectionless and adapting route itself. So delay and packet loss must happen. So this Qos is not to be assured.Delay is very important, because it affect voice quality of telephone directly. When the delay exceeds 250ms,communication quality become very bad. Too long delay can bring on voice overlap, echo, dithering, not synchronization and information loss. because late packet can not be used by digital- simulation instrument.Fragment loss has great affect to voice quality. When packet loss <WP=75>percent less than 10% at current voice coding instruction, the simply way is to insert final received packet at the interval between the loss packets. Through this way, still can resume accepted voice semaphore. Otherwise, voice semaphore would be damaged and cause to appear very bad Qos.The solved method of DiffServ absorb the virtues of IntServ in technology and discard the disadvantage of IntServ, it also classifiedly dispose to fragment. Because DiffSer is still in the development course, so research it can reduce the difference of computer network theory and technology between our nation and foreign, and has important meaning. Creating PHB at each router. Detailed policy is:To multimedia and video frequency data transmission, adopting RPT bearing technology differentiate multimedia video frequency packet and sound frequency, using upper priority level assure Qos of multimedia sound data packet, and according to function value in PT domain can distinguish the type of packet.Commutate(reshape) data stream on the gateway equipment of sending terminal with fixed-size speech packet the same as AAL 2 in ATM network,confirm the size of speech packet(10 bytes) according the size of compressed IP/UDP/RTP packet header (9 bytes). There are 19 bytes with compressed packet header in total, 41 bytes less than primary 60 bytes, of which voice packet has decreased 10 bytes.A half bytes of IP/UDP/RTP packet header are unaltered bytes during the whole period of connecting, only with different rank

  • 【网络出版投稿人】 吉林大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2004年 04期
  • 【分类号】TN916.2
  • 【被引频次】2
  • 【下载频次】363
节点文献中: 

本文链接的文献网络图示:

本文的引文网络