【作者】 吴琳；

【导师】 李为；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 科学技术哲学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 今天，科学技术在成为人类认识世界重要手段和为人类带来巨大物质福音的同时，也在使人类精神家园沙漠化。面对生存的困惑，人们开始反思。美国技术哲学家芒福德正是在认识科技带来的各种后果的基础上，试图重新对科技进行解读；它促使我们与其一起思考：为什么人类需要从以“让机械化主宰”（Mechanization Takes Command）到“让人来接管”（Let Man Take Over）？他面对人类的技术，以生态有机论的思想为出发点，研究技术对人类生活和文化产生的影响，并且试图赋予“生物技术”以“生命的本质”，使人类和技术协调发展。巨机器是芒福德技术哲学思想的主要概念。他用机器类比人类的社会结构，以揭示人类社会这种巨机器的机械特征。从这种类比出发，他分析说明了当初机械系统观念是如何取代有机生命观念的。巨机器是以力量的集中为目的的。早期的巨机器经过漫长的中世纪的技术准备，在工业化社会复苏了。它具有强迫性。它表达的仅仅是人的普遍意志，而抹杀的是个人的自由意志。芒福德指出，巨机器是一个机械化的权力系统，奠定这一系统基础的是钟表的发明和人们时间观念的改变。钟表是技术世界的组织者，构成了另外一个人工世界。它使人们“失去”了对时间的支配权。而在芒福德看来，时间应当始终是与生命相关的。在他提倡的有机世界观之中，时间与生命具有核心的意义，它应当帮助人类为克服机械化的弊端开拓新的道路。芒福德认为巨机器的特征：在于所谓单一技术。单一技术是以实现金<WP=46>钱、效率、速度的最大规模化为目的的。它随后转化为一种机械的世界观，并构成了权力系统的价值基础，指导着人类的行为。他指出，单一技术的发展给人类带来了许多“闲暇时间”。但人们却感到生存的困惑、压抑和单调。人们为了填充这种闲暇的时间，人们热衷消费。芒福德认为这并不符合生命的原则。它只是单一技术追逐统治的结果。 为了摆脱“巨机器”的控制，芒福德提出让科技人性化和所谓让人性接管这个世界。芒福德认为，必须建立一种有机世界观，发展生物技术。他认为生物技术应当成为技术的发展方向，构成生态系统的有机组成部分。他提出了应建立有机世界观，而且应把技术的发展放在人性的基础之上，这样才能克服巨机器系统中的无“人”状态。他提出要恢复人的主体性，以此开辟实现人和技术的协调发展的道路。芒福德强调从发生学的角度说明技术的起源。他认为身体语言是技术的原初状态。而语言和符号文化构成了人类行为的基础和本质，形成了一个不同于自然的有意义的世界.，他完全摒弃了现代的以因果关系的规则对技术的定义，并提出我们需要的技术应是有多方面维度的，基于生命观，有机观的，弹性的的技术。芒福德认为技术在发展之初渗透着生命的要素。他提出对技术的认识应当以所谓人类生命的存在方式为着眼点，由此可以找到拯救我们的科学和我们的技术的道路。因为以此才能复归生命的存在方式对技术的掌控。芒福德的技术哲学思想在人文传统的技术哲学发展史中占据独特地位。在人和技术的关系上，芒福德既是技术决定论者，又是价值决定论者。由此决定了在对机器统治的批判中，他的批判会体现出与法兰克福学派社会批判理论的不同进路。，这特别体现在他从存在论出发的对巨机器的批判，他分析了生活在社会中的人是怎样接受了这种以“巨机器”为特征的齐一化管理和统治的。他强调从技术的起源视角回答这个方面问题，正是<WP=47>这方面显示出芒福德思想所具有的独特价值。芒福德思想的确立建基于对巨机器和技术的原初状态的追思，我们可以看到，对人性的威胁，首先并不来自技术的机器和装备本身。危险在于巨机器在发端之初就成为影响人性的本质的力量了。“但是哪里有危险，哪里就有拯救”。但是只依靠芒福德所提倡的有机世界观的确立作为人类摆脱目前困境的手段，还是不够的。我们只有从马克思的实践思维方式出发，进行自由和自觉的物质生产活动，人和技术才能协调发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Today science-technology not only has become the most important means with which human being recognizes the world, but also brings gigantic material evangel. Development of science-technology at the rapid speed brings a result that the human spirit home becomes desert. Human being faces to the existence puzzled dome, viewed philosophically.Lewis Mumford as a American philosopher of technology philosophy, intends to unscramble the science-technology on the basis of the results brought by the science-technology development He makes us to think with him together: Why should human being be from “Mechanization takes command ”to “Let man take over”? Facing to the human technology he starts to study the technological influence on our life and culture with bio-organic view, and try to give the life to the biotechnology.Megamachaine is the main concept in Mumford’s technology philosophy. Mumford regards the machine has an analogy to the human social structure. By analogy analyses how the machine view has replaced the life place. The aim of the megamachine is to reach the power centralize. In the industrial society, the early megamachine regained resuscitate after longer med-century technological preparation. This megamachine only expresses human common willing killing the freedom willing.Mumford indicates that the megamachine is a mechanical power system. The invention of the clock and the change of the human time view had laid the power system foundations. Becoming a controller of the technological world the clock makes the peoples lost theirs control power over the time. Mumford considers that the time should have tightly affliliation with the life. The time <WP=49>and the life is the corn of organic view sparked plug by him, and they should help human being carve out a new rode to conquer mechanical abuse. Mumford considers that the mono-technology is the characteristic of the Megamachaine. Mono-technology is in pursuit of profit, money, speed and rate. It has becomes the value foundation in the power system and provide guidance to human act. Mumford points out that the development of Mono-technology brings to human being a lot of “spare time”, but people feel puzzled and oppressed by this .So Mumford thinks it is not accord with the life principle. To get rid of the mechanical control Mumford provides the humanization of technology and let Man take over this world .He considers that human being must build organic view and develop biotechnology. He considers that biotechnology should constitute a direct to the future technology and organic composing element .He refers to completely setting technology on the basis of humanity , overcoming the state of ignorance of human being in technology. Mumford takes body-language for the initial state of technology. The language and symbol constitute the corn of human action and from a meaning world. He considers that we should allround and stretch technology on the basis of life view and organic view. Mumford thinks the life element infiltrate into technology at the beginning of technology. To retrieve our science and technology and achieve the humanization of technology, we must establish a principle in our action and theory: set the technology on the form of life existence. Mumford’s technology view stands a special place in the humanization tradition of technology philosophy. In the relationship between human being and technology, Mumford belongs to the determinism of technology and value determinism. This makes him in his animadversion on mechanical control <WP=50>shows his special idea route different from the other social animadversion theory. He analyzes the people living in the society how to accepted the uniform management. He stress from the origin of technology to answer this question, and just so, here shows the special value in his theory. Mumford’s technology view is established on the reflecting upon the megamachaine and the initial state of technology, we can see that the danger dose not come from the machine and更多还原