【作者】 赵力；

【导师】 王家福；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 公共管理， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 随着社会主义市场经济的建立与发展以及经济体制改革的深入，要求我们建立一个与之相适应的完善的社会保障体系。建立完善的社会保障体系事关我国改革、发展和稳定的全局。本文拟从社会保障的基本理论入手，阐述我国现有的社会保障体系，分析中国社会保障体系存在的问题及改革所面临的现状，阐明建立健全中国社会保障体系的重要性，并就完善中国社会保障体系提出一些对策与建议。虽然各国都依据各自的特点和实际情况对社会保障有不同的描述，但都包含共同点，即社会保障是以政府为主体，依据法律规定，通过国民收入再分配，对公民在暂时或永久失去劳动能力以及由于各种原因生活发生困难时给予物质帮助，保障其基本生活的制度。社会保障是使每个人在社会生活中都有安全感的一种安全保护措施，它能使整个社会呈现稳定的局面。因此，社会保障是使社会发展进入良性运行的社会稳定机制和调节机制。社会保障由社会保险、社会救济、社会福利和社会优抚四个部分构成, 其中社会保险是社会保障的核心部分，社会福利是社会保障的最高层次，社会救济是社会保障最<WP=39>基础的部分。我国现有的社会保障体系包括社会保险、社会救济、社会福利、优抚安置、社会互助和个人储蓄积累保障，并提出发展商业保险，作为社会保障的补充。20世纪80年代以来，我国陆续建立的养老、失业、医疗、救济等社会保障制度在计划经济时期对保障职工生活和社会稳定起到了一定的积极作用，但是随着市场经济的建立以及改革的深入，其存在的问题日益突出。一是我国社保范围覆盖面小。二是社会管理体制分散，政出多门，缺乏完整的立法和统一的管理方法。三是社会保障资金储备不足，筹集相对困难。四是社会保障的法律问题。要健全社会保障制度，必须以社会立法为手段，使其运作法制化和规范化。所以，中国社会保障体制急需改革，而下列问题将长期困扰社会保障。第一是就业的压力问题。第二是人口老龄化的问题。第三是不能忽视的农业劳动力向非农业转化的农民工问题。第四是保障成本的问题。第五是区域差别问题。 <WP=40>另外，中国加入WTO后，社会保障改革将面临双重压力。一方面，社会保障体系的自我完善的问题尚未解决而又必须解决；另一方面，外来的冲击又很大。综上所述，建立完善的社会保障体系是维护社会稳定和促进我国经济发展的保证。没有健全的社会保障制度将难以解决中国发展中的贫困、失业、下岗等诸多社会问题。我国社会保障体系的总体目标是建立一个与经济社会发展水平相适应、资金来源多渠道、保障方式多层次，权力与义务相对应，管理与服务社会化，统一规范和持续可靠的社会保障体系。下面从几个大的方面对完善社会保障体系提出一些对策与建议：一、中国的养老保险制度改革是今后改革的重点。中国的养老保险的模式是“社会统筹与个人账户相结合”。今后改革的关键是要进一步明确社会统筹与个人账户的结合方式，全面调整组织构架与管理模式，使其能够既符合中国国情，又能够与世界接轨，同时也具有制度稳定性和可持续性的制度系统。二、根据中国的现实情况，我国失业保险首先应从国有企业扩展到所有企业。其次要加强保险费的征收和基金监管，合理确定失业保险救济金的发放标准和期限。再次要在保证失业<WP=41>人员的基本生活同时做好职工职业培训和介绍，促进再就业。最后要加快国营企业下岗职工基本生活保障向失业保险并轨。三、中国现行的医疗保险制度以“低水平、广覆盖、双方负担、统账结合”为原则，覆盖范围包括所有城镇用人单位，以基本医疗保险为主，辅以补充医疗保险。基本医疗保险实行社会统筹与个人账户相结合的模式。我国于1999年10月正式开始实行最低生活保障制度。它所覆盖的范围是所有城镇居民，保障的对象是城市中收入低于当地最低生活保障标准的贫困人口。现在的重点是要做好机构调整中最困难群体的最低生活保障问题，它事关社会稳定。五、长期以来，农村社会保障一直是处在中国社会保障体系的边缘，这样制约了农业和农村的发展。尤其是随着中国的改革和开放的不断深入以及中国加入WTO，建立和健全农村的社会保障制度则更为重要，也更加紧迫。针对这些问题，结合中国的实际情况，建立养老、医疗、最低生活保障等基本的农村社会保障体系成为现实选择。目前，我国农村的养老应在家庭养老的同时，积极推行农村合作养老保险，多渠道地解决农村养老问题。另外，我们还应积极推广农村合作医疗制度。<WP=42>而针对那些农村贫困地区的贫困人口，国家设立了最低生活保障制度。由于中国幅员辽阔，地区差别大，所以在制定农村社会保障制度时，也可以根据各地的经济发展水平，因地制宜，量力而行。总之，健全农村社会保障体系事关十亿农民的切身利益，它对稳定农村秩序，促进农业发展，提高农民的生活水平至关重要。建立健全中国社会保障制度的一个关键问题是要发挥好政府在社会保障中的作用。目前政府在社会保障中的职责主要是加快社会保障法的立法步伐；加大筹集社会保障基金，解决目前社会保障资金不足的问题；强化个人责任，减少国家保护观念。政府在社会保障中所负的是?更多还原

【Abstract】 With the foundation and development of social market economy and the reform of economic system is gradually in depth, a perfect social security is required to be established to suit it. Establishing a perfect social security has an important bearing on reform, development and stability of China. Starting with basic theories of social security, this paper will illustrate our present social security system and analyze problems existing in our present social security system, and present the necessity of establishing and perfecting Chinese social security system, as well as the corresponding methods and suggestions. Although each country has different description on social security according to its own characteristics and facts, it contains a common ground, that is, social security is a system, which takes government as its principal part, and helps those people who are in difficulty because of losing working ability or other reasons in substance in order to guarantee their basic living according to the regulation of law by reassigning the national income. Social <WP=44>security is a stable and regulating mechanism which makes society operate virtuously. Social security is made up of four parts, that is, social insurance, social relief, social welfare, and special social care to disabled serviceman and his relatives. Among them, social insurance is the core of social security system, social welfare is the highest level and social relief is the basic part. Now, Chinese social security system contains social insurance, social welfare, social relief, social special care to disable serviceman and his relatives, social mutual aid and cooperation, and individual saving accumulating security, advocating to develop commerce insurance as a supplement to social security. Since 1980s, the old-aged, medical, unemployed insurance and social relief play an active role in stabilizing society and ensuring people’s living under planned economy. With the foundation and development of social market economy and the reformation of economic system is gradually in depth, problems emerge increasingly. The first one is that the scope of social security is limited. The second one is that social security system is scattered, and <WP=45>lacks integrated legislation and management method. The third one is that social security funds reserve is not enough. The forth one is legal issues concerning social security. A perfect social security system needs social legislation. Therefore, Chinese social security system needs reform, and these problems will perplex social security for a long time as following: The first is employment pressure. The second is the ageing of population. The third is changing from rural residence to urban residence. The forth is problems of social security cost, and the fifth is regional differences. In addition, with participating into WTO, Chinese social security will face double pressure. One is that self-perfection of Chinese social security hasn’t finished and it must be finished, and the other is that external impact is strong.To sum up, establishing a perfect Chinese social security system is the guarantee of keeping society stable and economic development. If we are short of the system, it will not solve social <WP=46>problems such as poverty and unemployment, ect.The general aim of Chinese social security system is to establish a social security system which suits the needs of economic development level, and the source of its funds is various, and the pattern of security is diversified. And corresponding methods and suggestions will be given as following:A) The reformation of the old-aged insurance is still a focal point in the future. The mode of Chinese old-aged insurance is “combining social unified planning with personal bank account”. And the key of future reformation is to clear about the methods of combining social unified planning with personal bank account, to adjust the frame of organization and methods of management, and then to make it accord with the更多还原