【作者】 韩洪今；

【导师】 李建华；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 民商法学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 土地是一个国家最为重要的资源，而土地制度是农业社会的制度基础。我国现行的集体所有、家庭承包经营的农村土地法律制度确立于20世纪70年代末，因解决了农民的温饱问题而被誉为是我国最为成功的一次经济改革。但在20多年后的今天，这一土地法律制度遇到了前所未有的挑战,我国农村经济自1997年开始一直停滞不前,这说明原有的农村土地法律制度已不适应新形势的需要，只有对其进行改革才能赢得更高的生产力。本文对我国现行农村土地法律制度的缺陷进行了分析，并试图对其予以完善。第一部分是我国农村土地法律制度的现状及完善的价值取向。新颁布的《农村土地承包法》在保留农村土地集体所有制的前提下赋予农民物权性的长期而稳定的家庭承包经营权，该法是依据公平优先兼顾效率原则设计的。首先是对我国农村土地法律制度现状的介绍。本文所说农村土地法律制度包括农村土地所有权制度和农村土地承包经营权制度两方面内容。我国农村土地所有权主体主要是农民集体，实行的是农村土地集体所有制。其中集体有乡（镇）农民集体，村农民集体，村民小组农民集体之分。在绝大多数“农民集体经济组织”已不复存在的情况下，乡(镇)人民政府、村民委员会和村民小组实际经营管理着农村土地。现行《农村土地承包法》将承包方式区分为家庭承包和其他方式的承包两种，由此，承包经营权也可区分为家庭承包经营权和其它方式的承包经营权。该法对这两种不同的承包经营权进行了不同的制度设计：家庭承包是集体经济组织内部人人有份的承包，家庭承包经营权属于用益物权；其它方式承包不是人人有份的平均承包，而是采取招标、拍卖或者公开协商等方法，由最有经营能力的人承包，其它方式承包经营权属于债权。其次是对我国农村土地法律制度完善的价值取向的分析。我国现行农村土地法律制度是对人民公社体制不彻底改革的产物，是按照“公平优先、兼顾效率”原则设计的。该种设计的目的是考虑到农村土地的社会保障功能，是为了保证农村经济的稳定发展。它与典型市场经济下农用土地制度相比，严重损害了效率。因此我们应按“效率优先、兼顾公平”原则完善<WP=57>我国农村土地法律制度，使我国农村土地法律制度符合市场经济及农村生产力的发展要求。第二部分是我国农村土地集体所有权制度的缺陷与完善思路。我国现行农村土地集体所有权制度的缺陷日益明显，已经严重影响了农村经济的发展，必须对其予以完善。首先，我国现行农村土地集体所有权制度的缺陷表现在以下几个方面：第一，所有权主体虚位。人民公社解体，家庭承包经营制确立以后，大多数地区农民集体经济组织已经解体，农民缺乏行使集体所有权的组织形式和程序，导致集体名存实亡。第二，所有权权能欠缺。农村土地集体所有权权能欠缺表现在处分权和管理权这两项权能欠缺。集体作为土地所有权主体却无权买卖集体土地和决定农地使用制度。第三，所有权客体模糊。客体模糊是指集体土地所有权与国有土地所有权之间客体界限不清。单从法律规定来看，集体土地与国有土地的界限是分明的，但实际生活中，二者的界限并不十分明确。第四，所有权性质不清。我国现行民法没有规定集体所有权这种所有权形态，导致集体所有权法律性质不清，无法纳入现行法的调整范围。<WP=58>其次，针对农村集体土地所有权制度存在的以上缺陷，学者们提出了多种改革方案，其中有代表性的有三种：国有化、私有化和集体化改造。本文认为农村土地集体所有权制度的产生与存在不符合农村生产力的发展要求，并且由于所有权主体权利已经虚空，因此集体所有制应取消，而无完善的必要。农村土地实行私有制有很多好处，也有很多弊端，是一种优缺点十分分明的土地制度，但在我国国情下总的来说弊大于利，并不是我国农村土地法律制度的最佳选择。国家所有、农民私营的农村土地法律制度既保留了土地公有制，又能使土地私有制的种种优点得以实现，是各种改革方案中最佳的一种。第三部分是我国农村土地承包经营权的缺陷与完善构想。分析了农村土地集体所有权制度的缺陷，确立土地国有化是解决农村土地所有权问题的最佳方案后，接下来的问题，则是要分析农村土地如何经营的问题。本文所说的承包经营权仅指家庭承包经营权。首先，我国现行农村土地承包经营权的缺陷表现在：第一，承包经营权为有期限的权利。权利的期限性导致短期经营和流转困难。第二，农民的收益权得不到体现。收益权关系到农民的生产积极性，因此收益权问题应当成为农村土地法律制度改革的重点问题。第三，处分权能受限制。这里的处分权能不是指处分土地(即处分土地所有权)的权能，而是指处分承包经营权的权能。目前，我国农村土地承包经营权的流转受到很多限制，包括：转让权受限制，继承权受限制，未规定抵押权等等。这种限制是考虑到农村土地的社会保障功能，是为了防止农民失去土地和生活的来源。但这种限制不符和效率原则，不利于农村土地资源的合理流动优化配置。其次，针对现行农村土地承包经营权存在的以上缺陷，本文认为应从以下几个方面予以完善：第一，应赋予农民永久性的承包经营权。第二，应切实保障农民收益权的实现。第更多还原

【Abstract】 The land is the most important resource of a country, and the land system is the basic system in the agricultural society. The current legal system of rural land, in which the land is owned by collectives and managed by families, was established at the end of the seventies of the 20th century. It is praised as the most successful economic reform in China because it solved the problem of food and clothing of peasants’ lives. However, after more than 20 years, today this legal system of land met an unprecedented challenge. The rural economy in our country has been stagnating since 1997. It proves that the existing legal system of rural land can not met the needs of the new situation any longer. Therefore, we must reform in order to improve the productivity. This essay is concerned with the analysis of the defect of the current legal system of rural land in our country, and the improvement of it.The first part is the current situation of the legal system of rural land in our country and the value orientation of its perfection. According to" the Law of Contract for Management of Land "enacted newly, the right to contract for management of land is given to the peasants steadily in the long term and as real right on the premise that the rural land is owned by collective. The law is designed on the basis of the principle that fairness is prior with attention to efficiency.At first, the current situation of the legal system of rural land in our country is introduced. The legal system of rural land that is referred to in the essay includes the ownership system of rural land and the right to contract for management system of rural land. The subject of ownership of rural land in our country is mainly the peasants ’ collective, that is to say the collective ownership system of rural land is adopted. There are three forms of the collectives including peasants’ collective in the town, peasants’ collective in the village and peasants’ collective of the villager group. In a situation that the majority of " peasants’ collective economic organization " has passed out of existence, the town people’s governments, villagers’ committee and villager group manage the rural land actually. The way of the contract management is divided into family contract management and other contract management in "the Law of Contract for Management of Land ". Therefore, the right to contract for management is accordingly divided into the right to contract for family management and the right to contract for other management. This law has designed different systems for these two kinds of different rights to contract for management. Family contract management is a contract that everybody inside the collective economic organization has a share. The right to contract for family management is a kind of usufruct. The contract for other management is not a contract that everybody has an equal share. It is a contract that the contract management goes to the most capable person chosen by bid, auction or consulting publicly. The right to contract for other management is a kind of jus in personam.Secondly, it is the analysis of the value orientation of improving the legal system of rural land in our country. Designed according to the principle that fairness is prior with attention to efficiency, the current legal system of rural land in our country resulted from the incomplete reform of the people’s commune system. The purpose of this kind of design is to guarantee the realization of the social security function of the rural land and the steady development of the rural economy. Compared with agricultural land system in typical market economy, it has affected efficiency seriously. Therefore, we should improve the legal system of rural land according to the principle that efficiency is prior with attention to fairness in order to keep pace with the development of market economy and the rural productivity.The second part is concerned with the defects of the collective ownership system of rural land in our country and the ideas of improvement. The defects of the curre更多还原