【作者】 李欣霜；

【导师】 傅景川；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫是20世纪英国最杰出的女作家之一，西方女性主义思潮的先驱。陈染，中国先锋小说和女性主义文学的代表作家之一，其作品多以现代知识女性的视角来关注人类的生存处境。尽管身处中英两种不同的文化历史环境，两位女性作家却拥有极其相似的生命体验——男性权威都成为阻碍她们心灵健康成长的障碍，因而颠覆父权、表现女性意识就成为她们文学创作的共同主题。本文立足于女性主义文学理论，结合具体文本分析，旨在对她们鲜明独特的创作方式和理论观点进行比较研究，考察其丰富的女性主义思想内涵。一、“他者”的言说菲勒斯中心主义与女性意识。本文先对这两个重要名词做了理论廓定。“菲勒斯中心主义”，即一种通过肯定男性的价值，维持男性的社会特权，从而达到使父权制成为社会统治核心的态度，它所代表的象征秩序是柏拉图以来构成整个西方文化传统的中轴。女性意识是女性相对独有的一种有别于男性的深层意识，它同时受到性别和文化背景的制约。菲勒斯中心主义表现在文学作品中主要就是以男性设立的标准去“强奸”女性的意识，淹没女性的声音，所以在东西方文学中，女性的“第二性”位置有着惊人的相似性。2. 家长权威：潜意识的依附年幼丧母又遭到父亲漠视的弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫同离异后与母亲一起生活的陈染，在思想深处都存在浓厚的恋父情结，并进而影响到她们的创作。尽管二者表现的方式不尽相同：伍尔夫以其<WP=46>父亲为原型塑造了一个又一个人物形象；陈染在作品中，以一系列具有疗救作用的医生形象代替父亲的形象。这种依附意识表明：她们的写作中仍残留着男性意识的印记，带有浓厚的第二性意识。二、觉醒的女性意识1.“一间自己的屋子”意识到广大女性在思想观念与文学写作上面临的重重困难，20世纪初的伍尔夫以《一间自己的屋子》高扬起女性意识的大旗，她指出：长久以来，女性作家面临的困境不是缺乏天才灵感，而是缺乏写作所需的物质、教育与经验等条件，以莎士比亚妹妹的假说证明“智力的自由全靠物质的环境”。穿越时空，陈染敏锐地捕捉到伍尔夫“自己的屋子”的真正内涵，对她的理论进行了更为迫切与激进的延伸：女人还要有一间心灵之屋，以便在女性的“私人生活”中，突破男性强悍的意识禁锢，书写女性的自由意识。2.从“恋父”到“弑父”伍尔夫与陈染对传统家庭进行了否定性的叙述，试图使家庭的主宰力量“父亲”成为被讲述、被言说的客体、一个非主体性存在的“他者”。这一目的在她们的文本叙述中体现为在想象中对父亲由最初的依恋转变为最后的“弑父”情结的产生。这既是对父亲所代表的男性权威的深刻“反省”，实际上也赋予了自身话语主体的地位。3.打破禁忌 在对现行写作体制的“叛逆”中，二人就如何打破菲勒斯中心主义的禁忌，构建以女性言说为主体的女性话语分别进行了<WP=47>不同的尝试。伍尔夫深入女性内心世界，探索意识流等创作手法和技巧，并提出打破女性作家表达肉体和情欲方面体验的禁忌。在陈染的作品中，“性”是她突破禁忌的主要能指，通过描写女性最为隐讳的生命体验和欲望，隐含了她对表达女性压抑已久的内在激情的渴望。三、孤独意识——生存之痛在表现女性自由意志的过程中，由于过度注重内心体验，女性往往容易走向心灵的孤独。伍尔夫与陈染的孤独感，是她们用以探寻女性生存困境和精神家园的一个共同而又特殊的艺术视角，也是女性文学边缘化地位的表现。本文应用西方现象学理论，指出当内在自我在伍尔夫与陈染建构的绝对个人空间里获得高度保护时，其主人公的人际自我和社会自我则在现实中被打击得鲜血淋漓。因为人际自我和社会自我具有社会性与被动性，与“人际经验”和“社会经验”相伴随，而在男权社会中贯彻这些经验的必然是菲勒斯中心主义原则。伍尔夫与陈染的孤独感根源不同，表现在文本中的心灵感受也是不尽相同的。伍尔夫的孤独本源是家长制社会，是父权的重压抑制了女性喷薄的生命力。因此伍尔夫在作品中常常表现出对男性恐惧的心理，喜欢彻底沉浸在自己的小天地里，与外界全然隔绝。与之相比，陈染在小说中表达的却是在取得了个体独立和自由之后，当代知识女性在精神上的孤独和无所归依的困境。四、女性情谊与双性和谐在强大男权社会的压迫下，在对异性爱失望后，孤独的女性们往往在同性间寻找心灵的依靠。“女性情谊”一词就描述了两个女人之间的一种微妙关系，这种以针对异性爱、排斥异性爱为<WP=48>存在的女同性爱，是对统治秩序的一种最根本的批评态度。伍尔夫与陈染在揭示女同性爱生存之“真”这一点上，以女性情谊实现了对男性话语霸权的突围。绝望中的性向转化具有姐妹情谊的女性，其性倾向都不是与生俱来的，往往是受到男性伤害后产生的心理取向。考察弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的生平，可以看到她本人的同性情结与年幼时候达克沃思弟兄俩对她的人身侵犯是有着密切联系的。而陈染作品中女主人公的性取向也与她们曾受过的男性侵害大有关联。受害女性之间的相互同情与怜惜，是女性“人”的意识完全觉醒之后的自觉行为，其中既包含着女性对自身被奴役处境的明晰关照，更包含着女性对自更多还原

【Abstract】 Virginia Woolf, one of the most outstanding British women writers in 20th century, is the forerunner in Western feminism. Chen Ran is one of the representatives of Chinese pioneer fiction and feminist literature. Her works mainly focus on the existent circumstances of human beings, from the perspective of contemporary intellectual female. Although living in two different cultures and histories, the two women writers have much in common in reality—male authority in the barrier to the development of their spirits, so overthrow of patriarchy and the expression of female consciousness become the common desire of their literary creation. Based on the feminist literary theory, the thesis compares their distinctively creative ways and theories and observes their rich feminist thoughts by analyzing the concrete texts.I. The other ‘s Narration 1.1. Phallocentrism and Feminine Consciousness First the thesis defines two important terms. ‘Phallocentrism’ is an attitude that confirms the value of male, maintains the social rights of them and then makes patriarchy the center of social rules. The symbolic order it represents makes the axis of entire Western cultural tradition from Plato. Feminine consciousness is an independent ideology different from male consciousness, whereas <WP=51>it is restricted by sex and cultural background. Phallocentrism in literature is to ‘rape’ female consciousness by male standard and submerge women’s voice. Therefore, in Eastern and Western cultures, the subordinate status of female is exactly the same.1.2 Patriarchal Authority: the Attachment in Subconsciousness Virginia Woolf (whose mother died when Woolf was young and who was ignored by her father) and Chen Ran (who live with her mother after divorce) have Electra complex in their mind and then influence their works. Their ways of expression are different: Woolf’s father is the prototype of her characters while in Chen Ran’s works, father image is replaced by a series of doctor images with smoothing ability. This attachment shows that there still is male authority in their works.II. Awakening Feminine Consciousness2.1 ‘A Room of One’s Own’ Aware of the difficulty in ideology and literary writing of feminine, Woolf in the early 20th century wrote ‘A Room of One’s Own’, emphasizing feminine consciousness. She points out: the difficulties that female writers face is the lack of materials, education and experience their writings need instead of the lack of inspiration. She uses the hypothesis that Shakespeare had a sister to demonstrate that the freedom of wisdom totally depends on material environment. Chen Ran keenly catches the real <WP=52>connotation of Woolf’s ‘own room’ and extends her theory more critically: women should have a soul room to break male’s conscious imprisonment and write their own consciousness freely.2.2 From the Attaching to Murdering By using anti-family narrative mode, Woolf and Chen Ran negatively describe the traditional family which depresses women’s body and soul like a prison. They try to make the dominating power—father the stated object. This is not only the self-examination of male authority represented by father, but also the endowment of subjective status of their own voices.2.3 Writings that Break the Imprisonment In the rebellion of the current writing system, Woolf and Chen Ran have a try respectively in how to break the imprisonment of Phallocentrism and how to construct the female discourse centered on female statements. Woolf goes deep in female inner world, explores writing strategies like consciousness stream and claims that female writers should break the durance. Her works imply her desire to express the depressed ardor by describing the most secret experience and desire of the female.III. Consciousness of Solitude: Existent AfflictionDuring the process of expressing free perseverance, the feminine are prone to spiritual solitude owing to excessively <WP=53>regarding the heartfelt experience. Woolf and Chen Ran’s solitude, w更多还原