【作者】 常文革；

【导师】 付景川；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 纳撒尼尔·霍桑是美国十九世纪最重要的浪漫主义小说家，也是毫无争议的美国本土产生的第一位伟大小说家。其名著《红字》从1850年发表以来，倍受评论界青睐。《红字》是霍桑首次以一种新的艺术方式来写作，他的其它小说都没有像《红字》一样匠心独具。他对小说情节的安排是以事件发生的先后顺序为线，而每一个事件的发生，都有其独特的场景，极具戏剧化效果。《红字》在描写人物时，把握住人物的心理特征，施展丰富的想象力，将抽象无形的心理活动描写得活灵活现，以浪漫主义的笔调表现人物奇妙的“心理罗曼史”。《红字》讲述了一个发生在殖民地美国的爱情故事，谴责了清教主义的生活哲学。本文试图通过对《红字》心理描写的分析，把握其心理分析手法的基本内涵和象征手法的运用，理解《红字》这部名著的人物形象与心灵把握。本文共分三个部分：第一部分，独特的“心理罗曼史”小说。这部分包括两个方面内容：其一，“心理罗曼史”——对艺术创作的心灵把握。对霍桑罗曼史式小说形成进行了概括式的论述；其二，“心理罗曼史”——清教主义与超验主义的精神铺垫。对霍桑的宗教观念进行了分析，认为霍桑根植于清教社会，不可避免地深受清教主义宗教观的影响，同时又在一定程度上受当时超验主义哲学的影响，又在某些方面接受了神秘主义的观念，体现在小说的创作方面，一方面是对清教主义的反思和批判，另一方面是写作手法上象征与心理描写的大量运用，以此追求小说人物心理上的真实。第二部分，“心理罗曼史”的写生画卷。小说对人物的心理活动描写得活灵活现，以浪漫主义的笔调表现了人物奇妙的“心理罗曼史”，把人物复杂矛盾的内心世界与形貌、神态有机地结合起来，层层深入地挖掘人物灵魂深处的秘密，以梦幻、夸张、比喻的手法把人物变幻莫测的心理活动描写得惟妙惟肖。其心理分析采用象征、隐喻、内心独白、景物的象征意义与内心真实对照、人物的外部仪态对其心理的影射等艺术手法，<WP=45>真实地再现了小说主人公的心路历程。因其在《红字》中出色的心理分析手法的运用，有人称之为心理分析小说，将霍桑称为心理分析小说家。第三部分，“心理罗曼史”的艺术媒介——象征。这是霍桑在心理描写中所采用的主要修辞手法。《红字》从开篇到结尾，充满了象征。这部分包括三个方面内容：其一，红字A的象征。分别论述了红字及红A字的象征意义，红色是血与火的颜色，是生命、力量与热情的象征，象征着小说男女主人公海丝特与丁梅斯代尔之间纯洁、美好、热烈的爱情。A字在小说中因海丝特的行为而被人们赋予了新的含义，认为它就像修女胸前的十字架，象征着使徒的行为（Acts of the apostle），象征着Angel（天使），闪烁着非现世的光辉，甚至可以投射到来世的境界去，指引人们前进的方向。小说以红A字开始，以红A字结尾，象征着强大的黑暗势力扼杀了弱小的美好生命；其二，场景与物的象征；其三，人物的象征。对小说塑造的四位经典人物的象征意义进行了比较深刻的分析和论述。海丝特象征着人性中最活泼、最激情、最善良、最富有同情心、最有献身精神和反抗精神的那一部分。丁梅斯代尔象征着人性中脆弱、虚伪的那一部分，但作者对其遭遇充满深深的同情，这本身也是对人性的理解与同情。齐灵渥斯象征着人性中的邪恶和兽性。珠儿不仅是海丝特耻辱的象征，也象征着海丝特与丁梅斯代尔过去的生活，暗示着一个人的行为对现实社会应尽的责任。随着故事的发展，珠儿还代表社会良心，同时也是社会良心有力的证据。霍桑在《红字》中运用象征、心理分析等艺术手法，向世人展示了其独特的“心理罗曼史”，其浪漫主义的文学及艺术手法对后世产生了重大的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most American important romantic writers in 19th century, who is undoubtedly the first native American writer. His masterpiece “ The Scarlet Letter” has attracted much attention of the critical world with the publication of 1850. “The Scarlet Letter” is at the same time Hawthorne’s debut in a new artistic medium and a kind of retrospective exhibit of his work. No other of his novels is so close to the preoccupations of his tales. His choice of chronological setting aligns the book with all his studies of the historical past, and each setting has its own unique scene. As a result, it takes a dramatic effect. While describing the characters of “The Scarlet Letter”, the writer grasps firmly their psychological characteristics to make the abstract psychological actions more vivid with the help of his rich fancy and abundant imagination, which forms the “ Psychological Romance ”. “The Scarlet Letter” is a story of a triangular love affair in colonial America. It condemns The Puritan philosophy of life.The paper concentrates on exploring Hawthorne’s “Psychological Romance”－psychological delineation to understand fully the images of main characters and the distinguished features of art in this novel through the basic medium of psychological analysis and the usage of symbols.The paper is divided into three parts:Part I: Hawthorne’s unique form of“Psychological Romance”, it contains the following two aspects. 1.Psychological Romance — Hawthorne’s psychological treatment with his artistic writing , which is a general summary of Hawthorne’s romantic form of fiction and the “Psychological Romance”. 2. Psychological Romance — based on Puritanism and Transcendentalism, which is the analysis of Hawthorne’s Puritanism and Philosophy. Hawthorne is inevitably influenced by Puritanism, partly by Transcendentalism, and to some extent by mysticism, which are all embodied in the fiction. On the one hand, the writer actively opposed to Puritanism. On the other hard, he makes full use of psychological descriptions and symbols to achieve the true sides of the psychology. <WP=47>Part Ⅱ：The Psychological Delineation and Analysis of the “Psychological Romance”.As a seminal work Hawthorne’s perceptive portrayal of the four protagonists of “The Scarlet Letter”makes the abstract psychic life vivid. The style is romantic and it expresses the characters’ fanciful “Psychological Romance”. The writer combines the complicated psychic life with the character’s appearance and look. He gradually penetrates the psychological fastnesses of his characters with the help of the elements such as illusion, exaggeration, monologue, metaphor and the symbols of objects. The artistic method of the contrast with and the reflection to the psychology truthfully represents the major characters’ psychic process. Therefore “The Scarlet Letter” is called “Psychological Romance”. Thereafter, Hawthorne is acknowledged as psychological analytic writer.Part Ⅲ: The Artistic Medium of “Psychological Romance” —Symbols. It is with the help of this rhetorical device that Hawthorne vividly describes the characters’ psychology. Symbolism goes through the whole novel. Three aspects are involved in this part:1. There is an analysis of symbolic meaning of the Scarlet letter “A”. Scarlet, which is the color of blood and fire, not only symbolizes the life, strength and enthusiasm, but also the pure, beautiful and passionate love between Dimmesdale and Hester. The letter “A” is given new meanings because of Hester’s honest behavior. It is regarded as the cross on nuns’ breast, which symbolizes the acts of the apostle and angel. The letter “A” glitters brilliance, which can even be projected into the future world and used as a direction for people to progress. The novel begins with it and ends up with it also, which symbolizes that the mighty power has killed the weak life. 2. The symbolic meanings of the surroundings and objects. 3. The symbolic meanings of the characters. This paper an更多还原