【作者】 王文立；

【导师】 董进宇；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 法律， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 “执行难”是困扰人民法院和债权人的一道难题。“执行难”派生出“执行乱”，“执行乱”又加剧了“执行难”，这已影响到人民群众对民事执行制度的信赖和国家司法权威的树立。由于我国现行民事法律未规定明确、具体的民事执行救济，致使“执行乱”无法根治，“执行难”也难以解决，因此，笔者选择民事执行救济加以研究。本文除前言和结束语外，主文共分三个部分。第一部分主要对民事执行救济的概念、特征和功能进行了分析、研究。旨在对民事执行救济有一个清晰的认识和准确的定位，从而唤起人们对民事执行救济的重要性和建立完善的民事执行救济制度的必要性的认识，并为下文的展开埋下伏笔。笔者认为，民事执行救济有广义和狭义之分。狭义的民事执行救济，是指在民事执行过程中，执行当事人或利害关系人因自己的合法权益受到或可能受到执行机关违法的或不当的民事执行行为的侵害，依法请求有关机关采取保护和补救措施的法律制度。本文仅指狭义上的民事执行救济，它由四个要件构成。民事执行救济作为一种法律制度，可以从多角度来理解。它有权利性、法定性和双重性三个基本特征。民事执行救济是从权利，其性质为救济权，它是权利主体第一权利实现的<WP=49>保障；民事执行救济的方法、实现途径等均有法律予以明确规定；民事执行救济的实现是行政手段与司法手段的统一。民事执行救济之所以应该成为维护强制执行法乃至整个民事法律尊严的一项重要法律制度，系因其具有保护、监督和平衡三种功能。民事执行救济能保护执行当事人和利害关系人的合法权益；能监督执行机关依法执行；能平衡和协调执行机关、当事人、利害关系人之间的权力与权利。第二部分主要是在借鉴德国、日本及我国台湾地区的有关民事执行救济的立法经验、法律规定及理论研究成果的前提下，结合执行工作实践，运用法学的基本理论对民事执行救济的方法做进一步的探讨。旨在为我国民事执行救济制度的建立和完善寻找理论依据，为下文的展开奠定了基础。关于程序上的民事执行救济，笔者认为，违法的或不当的执行行为实质是执行机关实施的一种侵权行为，当事人、利害关系人可采取相应的两种救济方式，即申请和声明异议。原则上当事人、利害关系人可对任何其认为损害其合法权益的执行行为提出执行异议，但为了防止当事人、利害关系人滥用异议权，还应明确对抽象执行行为、执行机关内部人员管理行为及生效的法律文书不得提起执行异议。执行过程中，被执行人和申请执行人均可以提出执行异议，在某些情况下，案外人也可以提出执行异议，这扩大了保护范围，是对现行法律规定的突破。关于实体上的民事执行救济，笔者认为，根据诉的提起主体不同，按照我国民事诉讼法对诉的传统分类，异议之诉<WP=50>应分为债务人异议之诉和第三人异议之诉两种。异议之诉的性质是指导整个异议之诉立法的前提，理论界争议较大，笔者根据诉的内容、目的，按诉的基本理论对异议之诉的性质进行了分析，将其归入为形成之诉。笔者对债务人异议之诉的事由及主体进行了归纳，并运用物权理论对第三人异议之诉的提起原因及主体进行了分析、研究，归纳出第三人异议理由成立的4种情况，这对现行执行监督工作有积极的借鉴作用。异议之诉一般应由执行法院管辖为宜，委托执行时，委托法院与受托法院均可视为执行法院。债务人异议之诉应在整个执行程序结束前提出；第三人异议之诉应在对特定执行标的物的强制执行程序结束前提出，且应将执行当事人双方列为共同被告。异议之诉在判决前，如果债务人或者第三人撤回起诉符合法律规定的，法院应予准许。第三部分首先对我国现行民事执行救济——“执行异议”进行了概述，主要是对“执行异议”及其提起条件、对“执行异议”的审查和处理作了介绍和总结；进而指出了“执行异议”本身存在的缺陷和我国现行民事执行救济存在的其他问题；最后提出了完善我国民事执行救济的几点构想。我国现行执行异议制度，实质上应是一种实体上的救济方法，与国外的执行异议制度是有区别的，所以，笔者将其称之为“执行异议”。提出“执行异议”应符合三个条件：1.主体是案外人；2.只能在执行过程中提出；3.其内容和性质为案外人对执行标的主张实体权利。“执行异议”由执行员审查，其处理结果有三种：驳回异议，继续执行；异议成<WP=51>立，中止执行；异议成立，停止执行。其处理结果用裁定或通知。“执行异议”不能适应公正和效率的需要，其本身存在五方面缺陷：一是对“执行异议”的性质定位混乱；二是对审查人员的资格缺乏必要限制；三是对审查程序的规定不明确；四是没有赋予当事人、案外异议人复议权或者上诉权；五是对执行异议审查的期限法律未予以明确规定。另外，我国没有规定程序上的民事执行救济，执行当事人无法寻求救济。我国应从四个方面对现行民事执行救济加以完善：一是规定程序上的执行救济；二是确立实体上的执行救济；三是发展民事执行措施；四是改革执行机制、优化执行机构设置。希望本文对现行民事执行监督工作能够起到借鉴和参考作用，对我国民事执行救济的研究和民事强制执行法的制定能够有所裨益。更多还原

【Abstract】 “Difficult to execute” is a problem, which is harassing the courts and the creditors. And the random execution derives from “difficult to execute” has intensified the difficulty of execution. Such a problem has affected people’s trust to the civil executive system and the authoritative establishment of the state judicature. Since the current civil law in China hasn’t regulated clear and detailed civil executive relief, it can’t effect a radical cure of the random execution, neither is the “difficult to relief”. Therefore, I choose this subject of “civil executive relief” to research.The body can be divided into three parts except for the preface and the tagThe first part mainly analyzes and researches the concept of civil executive relief together with its characteristics and factions. It aims at making a clear understanding and accurate orientation of civil executive relief and also giving the readers a foreshadowing to spread the following text.I think the concept of civil executive relief has both a broad sense and a narrow sense. The narrow sense of it a kind of law system, meaning that during the civil executive course, the executive party or the relevant person, whose legitimate rights are infringed or might be infringed by illegal or improper civil executive action of the executive mechanism, asks for legal protection and remediable measures taken by relevant mechanisms. This thesis only talks about civil executive relief in the narrow sense made up of four important pieces.As a law system, the civil executive relief can be understood from multi-points of view. There are three basic characteristics including the nature of rights, legality and duality. Executive relief is a sub-right, whose character is the relief right. It is the assurance for implementing the first right of the principal part. There are laws clearly regulating the ways to execute relief and approaches to implement, etc. the implementation of executive relief is a unification of the means of administration and judicature.Civil executive relief should become an important law system to <WP=53>maintain executing laws by force and safeguard the dignity of the entire civil laws, because it has three functions of protection, supervision and balance. Civil executive relief can protect the legitimate rights and interests of the executive party and the relevant persons of gains and losses, supervise the executive mechanism to implement according to the law and balance and harmonize the powers and rights among the executive mechanism, the party and the relevant persons of gains and losses.The second part chiefly uses the legislation experience, law regulation and theoretical researching achievements of relevant civil executive relief in Germany, Japan and Taiwan area of China for reference, integrates the executive practice and makes a further discussion by means of the method of civil executive relief in the basic theory of law. It aims at seeking for theoretical gist to establish and improve Chinese civil executive relief system and settling the foundation of spreading the following text.With regard to the procedural civil executive relief, I consider that the illegal or improper implementation is a kind of invading action, which is carried out by the executive mechanism. The party and the relevant person of gains and losses may adopt two corresponding ways of relief. They are making applications and asserting objections. In principle, the party and the relevant person of gains and losses may put forward any executive objection, which they regard, harmful to their legitimate rights and interests. But in order to prevent the party and the relevant person of gains and losses from abusing their objection right, it should be clearly indicate that they can’t put forward the executive objection in such conditions: the abstract executive action, the administration of the interior personnel in executive mechanism and the law writs which have gone into effect. During the executive course, both the person being executed and the person更多还原