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萨维尼国际私法理论初探

A Brief Research on Savigny’s Theory of the Private International Law

【作者】 栾国华

【导师】 吕岩峰;

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 , 国际法学, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 萨维尼是19世纪德国著名法学家。他创立了国际私法上的法律关系本座说,以此开创了一条法律选择的崭新道路,奠定了近现代国际私法理论研究的基本范式。探讨和掌握他的国际私法理论的思想内涵,对于塑造中国国际私法学人的学术品格,完善中国的国际私法立法都会有重大的启示。一、萨维尼国际私法理论的肇端萨维尼通过对法的产生、法的本质和法的基础三个问题的论述系统地阐发了历史法学派的主要观点。近代德国的民族主义精神以及从古典自然主义法学向实证分析主义转变的近代哲学思潮都对萨维尼思想的形成产生了重要的影响,促使萨维尼的法学思想呈现出鲜明的特点——经验论的历史观、进化论、浪漫主义。二、萨维尼对前期国际私法理论的评价他认为法则区别说不完全是错误的,但“不太令人满意”;对住所地法理论,他认为仅仅适用当事人的住所地法是无用的,因为不能只选择一个当事人的住所地来确定应适用的法律;对法院地法理论,他认为该学说的正确性在于,每一立法者在其国家内拥有绝对的权威,他没有义务适用任何外国的法律,但法院地原则在实践上是有害的,可能导致不正确的审判结果;对法律关系存在地理论,他认为这一原则是“任意”的,“那种认为存在一种固定地域以确定法律关系应适用的法律的观点会妨碍我们的研究工作”。萨维尼与其他学者拥有共同的特点:(1)主权和属地主义原则是法律适用的基本原则;(2)法律选择的方法上采取“分配”的方法,即试图在各主权国家之间分配立法权;(3)强调一个法律关系只能适用于一个地方的法律,而不能为其他法律所替代。三、萨维尼法律关系本座说的基本内容萨维尼着重展开了对法律规则支配法律关系的地域范围的论述。他认为,就法律规则而言,问题在于它们影响何种法律关系,就法律关系而言,它们应受何种法律规则支配,这就开创了和其他学者相区别的国际私法新视角。萨维尼分析了法律规则对人的支配,发现将实在法共同体据以确立和界定的因素有两个:民族性和属地性,并且地域性已经逐渐取代了民族性。 <WP=42>萨维尼认为,相互冲突的属地法律可能是同一国家内不同地域之间的法律,解决的一般规则是适用范围最狭窄的法律通常具有优先权。萨维尼认为解决独立国家之间属地法律冲突适用以下原则:“对于任何一法律关系,应当探求根据其本身的性质该法律关系所归属或服从的那一法律区域”。由此,萨维尼开辟了依据法律关系本身的性质来解决法律冲突的新道路。关于法律关系本座地的法律的适用,萨维尼指出了一些例外情况,考虑了外国的强行法与内国的强行法的冲突。个人因何与他的属地相联系,萨维尼提出了两种连接因素:籍贯和住所。并且认为,住所地法是确定人的属人法的唯一标准。结合上述分析,萨维尼提出了他的解决法律冲突问题的基本公式:“为每一种法律关系找到其在本质上所归属的地域”,即找到它的本座。以此理论为指导,萨维尼还就具体法律关系的法律适用——这一实践领域的诸多问题展开了论述。认为当事人的法律地位及其法律效果都统一适用当事人的住所地法;物权需依物之所在地法;应该以履行地为债权之本座地;继承事项应依被继承人死亡当时之住所地的地域法。家庭法常常具有强行性。婚姻关系的准据法为家长或夫之住所,婚姻成立及夫妻财产关系应依婚姻成立当时之住所地法,父权的发生及消灭,依子女出生当时父之住所地法,子女的准正依结婚当时父之住所地法;以行为地法为法律行为之方式应适用的法律。同时,萨维尼还展开了对法律规则支配法律关系的时间范围的论述。萨维尼认为应该将法律规则分为两大类型:一是关于权利的获得;二是关于权利的存在。关于涉及权利获得的法律规则,萨维尼的基本原则是:新法不得溯及既往和新法不得影响既得权。对于涉及权利存在的规则,萨维尼的结论是新法具有溯及力和新法影响既得权。萨维尼的理论,在国际私法的历史发展上,做出了重大的贡献。(1)促使实现国际私法的“国际化”和“私法化”;(2)倡导国际私法的“非政治化”;(3)推动冲突规范的多边化;(4)力求判决的国际一致;(5)在具体法律关系的法律适用上提出了许多科学合理的连接点;(6)对制定冲突法典起到了积极的作用;(7)从国际私法的历史发展的考察中总结出国际私法趋同化的趋势。四、法律关系本座说的精神实质1、国际主义是法律关系本座说的灵魂。由此,萨维尼抛弃了单边冲突法的基本原则,抛弃了法院地法的首要地位,创立了双边冲突法理论。 <WP=43>2、萨维尼进一步阐发了当事人意思自治理论,认为适用于法律关系的准据法在很大程度上受到有利害关系的当事人的意志的影响,这不仅仅适用于合同领域,还在夫妻财产关系、继承、物权、侵权行为等领域有所体现。3、批驳以保护既得权为唯一目的的法律选择方法,认为它是理论上的“循环论”。但他仍然认为需要重视当事人利益的保护与既得权的保护。4、追求善意与公正,体现了法学家的人文关怀。他提出了一个严肃的话题——法律规则意在为谁而确立?为此他探讨了既得权的保护、强行法与公序良俗的关系、法律规则的例外适用。5、追求形式正义

【Abstract】 Karl Von Savigny was a great jurist in the 19th century, who established the Sitz des Rechtsverhaltnisses on the Private International Law. Studying and mastering his ideology on the theory of the Private International Law is meaningful for shaping the academic characteristic of the Private International Law learners and fulfilling the Chinese legislation on the Private International Law.Savigny evaluated respectively the Statute Theory, Wohnsitztheorie, Lex Fori Theory and wo es existent geworden ist Theory.Savigny shared many common characters with other scholars:(1) They believed that Authority and Territory Belonging Rule was the basic rule for law applying.(2) They adopted “distribution” method in law choice. That is they tried to distribute the right of legislation among sovereign nations.(3) They emphasized that one legal relation applied to only the local law, and could never be replaced by other laws.Savigny mainly focused on demonstrating the regional scope where legal rules could control legal relation. He believed that the matter was what kind of legal relation was influenced by legal rule and what sort of legal rule controlled legal relation. He set up a new perspective on the Private International Law different from other scholars.Savigny analyzed how legal relation controlled people. He believed that conflicting Territory Belonging Law might be the law in different regions within a country or that among different countries. He also pointed out some exceptions, the conflict between the domestic and international Forcing Law. He raised two connecting factors: nationality and location.Basing on the above analysis, Savigny raised his basic rule for solving legal conflict: “To find the region it should belong to for every legal relation”, which was to find its sitz. Guided by this theory, Savigny expanded his exposition on the legal application of specific legal relation, where there were still problems such as people’s legal position, matter-owning rights, creditor’s <WP=46>rights, inheriting rights, family law and the form of legal behavior.Meanwhile, Savigny also expanded his exposition on the time scope when legal rule controlled legal relation.Savigny’s theory made great contribution on the development of the Private International Law history.(1) He motivated the realization of “internationalization” and “privatization” of the Private International Law.(2) He proposed the “non-politicalization” of the Private International Law.(3) He promoted the “multi-means” of conflict norm.(4) He pursued the identical international verdict.(5) He raised many scientific and reasonable connection points on the legal application of specific legal relation.(6) He played an active role in working out the Conflicting Law Book.(7) He summarized the equality tendency of the Private International Law by studying the development of the Private International Law history.The essence of the Sitz des Rechtsverhaltnisses is that internationalization is the soul of the Sitz des Rechtsverhaltnisses; it explains the Theory of Autonomy of Will; it criticizes the Theory of Vested Rights; it shows the concern of jurists; it shows the basic character of the justice of the Conflicting Law, pursuing formal justice.Savigny’s theory was criticized by some scholars represented by American scholars and German following scholars, such as Cavers, Currie, Kronstein, Wietholter, Joerges and Rehbinder. Theoretically, Savigny first influenced a large number of scholars on the Private International Law, such as Heinrich Thol and Ferdinand Walter. He also exerted deep influence on the Theory of the Closest Connection, the Theory of the Proper Law and the Doctrine of Characteristic Performance.Practically, Savigny’s theory exerted great influence on the judicature cases of German Super Court and the legislation practice of Austria Common Civil Law Book and the Civil Law Book of Germany Empire.Savigny enlightened Chinese scholars on the Private International Law because of his academic view

  • 【网络出版投稿人】 吉林大学
  • 【网络出版年期】2004年 04期
  • 【分类号】D997
  • 【下载频次】919
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