【作者】 王恩娟；

【导师】 张祥沛；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 课程教材建设是学校教育，乃至整个教育事业带有全局性、根本性的问题。改革开放以来，我国基础教育课程教材的建设和研究取得了较大的进展，积累了许多宝贵的经验。但总体上看，当前基础教育课程教材的状况与新世纪人才培养的要求还存在较大的差距。从“教师教的需要出发，用施教者的眼光处理教学内容”，是以往教材编写的通病。就义务教育生物学科而言，重“双基”而忽视对学生能力、情感态度和价值观等方面的培养；教材编写“重教轻学”，是“教材”而非“学材”。严重阻碍了新时期我国人才培养的步伐。 2001年7月，《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》的出台，标志着我国新一轮基础教育课程改革的正式启动。概括地说，这次基础教育课程改革的关键，是将以“知识为中心”和“以教师为中心”的旧课程理念，转变为“以学生的发展”为中心的课程理念；积极引导学生自主学习和主动参与，全面提高学生的科学素养。开发符合《纲要》精神和各学科课程标准要求的教学资源，特别是编好各学科的教科书，是课程改革的一个关键方面。体现《纲要》精神，2001年《全日制义务教育生物课程标准(实验稿)》(以下简称生物课程标准)以及以人民教育出版社为首的多家出版社编写的义务教育课程标准实验教科书《生物学》在我国推出，并开始在全国38个国家级实验区试验。2002年起逐步扩大实验区，计划于2005年在我国全部使用。新课程要求实现新时期教材编写的高质量和多样化，这就要求每套投入使用的教科书都有自己的特色，在发挥教科书的功能和价值方面有独到之处。 依据生物课程标准编写的义务教育生物学实验教科书包括人教版、江苏版、北师大版和河北版等版本。这些教材借鉴国内外教材编写的先进教育理念和经验，结合各地社会经济和教育发展的实际，形成了各自的特色体系。人民教育出版社作为教育部直属的国家级教材研究、编写和出版机构，自建国以来就专职从事我国中小学教材的编写工作，在教材编写方面积累了丰富的经验。世纪之初，编写出版的这套义务教育课程标准实验教科书《生物学》(以下简称生物学新教材)，全书四册，供全日制义务教育7、8年级使用。生物学新教材以生物课程标准为依据，在继承传统教材“便教利教”特点的基础上，以培养学生创新精神和实践能力为重点，立足于学生实际和社会需求，从各个层面为学生主体性的发挥创设条件，培养学生的各种能力，为学生的未来发展莫定基拙。以学生发展为中心，在促进新时期义务教育生物学教材建设“从‘教本，向‘学本，”转变的过程中发挥了积极的作用。 本文将生物学新教材的这种“以学生为出发点”的改善教材的积极探索概称为“学材化”探索。通过对生物学新教材在“学材化”方面所做探索的系统深入研究，总结“学材化”在教材知识内容、体系结构以及生物学各教学系统的具体表现，探析其理论基础，对新教材试教情况进行调查，并给出新教材进一步改进和完善的建议，以期对今后义务教育生物学教科书的理论建设和应用有所启示和稗益。 全文共分为六大部分:第一部分以概述的形式，回顾了我国自建国以来初中生物学教材的发展历程及其特点，指明新教材“学材化”探索的历史背景;结合当前基础教育课程改革的理念和启示，说明了新教材“学材化”的现实意义;并界定了教材的概念，阐明了“学材化”探索的涵义。第二部分系统分析了新教材“学材化”探索的理论基拙。现代课程理论、现代教学理论的发展，为新教材的“学材化”探索提供了理论支持，教材的具体编写则借鉴了各种学习理论的观点。第三部分深入细致地剖析了“学材化”探索在生物学新教材知识内容、体系结构、内容组织和呈现方式等方面的具体体现，进一步阐明了“学材化”探索的内涵。第四部分探讨了新教材“学材化”探索对现代教学的新要求。广大生物学教师只有更新观念，逐步提高贯彻生物学课程改革目标的自觉性;不断提高自身素质，促进专业发展;注意教学策略和方法的改革;正确对学生检测评估，才能将新教材的“学材化”探索落到实处。第五部分则通过调查问卷和访谈的形式，对新教材试教情况进行了调查。调查结果表明，新教材充分体现了新时期义务教育生物学教材“学材化”探索的发展趋势，是一套比较优秀的初中生物学教材。新教材“学材化”探索是一个不断完善的过程，新教材还存在需要进一步改进和完善的地方:(一)概念表述方面有待进一步完善;(二)应渗透可持续发展的理念;(三)增加有利于学生健康人格养成的内容;(四)进一步加强学法指导.鉴于以‘一勺 、 子上分析，第六部分对义务教育课程标准生物学教材“学材化”探索的发展趋势进行了展望:(一)以学生发展为本，兼顾学科知识和社会需求;(二)面向全体，强调学生个性化和多样化发展;(三)立足实际，积极适应国际科学教育综合化发展的趋势;(四)科学性与人文性相结合，教材加强道德教育和人文教育的趋势;(五)强化“学本”功能，教材趋于系列化和立体化。 义务教育生物学教材“学材化”探索是一个不断深入、逐步完善的过程迎接时代的挑战，教材必须跟上时代前进的?更多还原

【Abstract】 The curriculum and teaching materials are the essential and fundamental problems of the schools education, even in the whole educational undertaking. Since the reform and opening-up, the construction and research for our basic education curriculum and teaching materials have made great progresses and accumulated a lot of valuable experience. But on the whole, it can not far satisfy with the requirement of our basic education course in the new era. "According to the need of the teachers to arrange with the content of courses, with eyes of the persons who teach while not considering to the students," it was the common fault of the past teaching materials. As far as the concerned of Biology in the compulsory education, it paid more attention to the cultivation of the rudimentary knowledge and basic technical ability and ignored the cultivation of the attitude to the students’ ability, emotion and values; The teaching material written " laying stress on teaching instead of making light of studying ", acting only as the "teaching materials" but not the "learning materials", have hindered the paces of personnel training of our country in the new period seriously.Would it be in July 2001, the issue of Basic Education Curriculum Reform Outline (try) ", marked our country new rounds of basic education curriculum formal arrival of reform. Say briefly, the key of the basic education curriculum reform is to change the old curriculum idea of "knowledge in the center" and " regarding teacher as the centre" into the new curriculum idea of the centre" with the student’s development"; Lead students to study and participate in voluntarilyindependently actively, improve students’ scientific accomplishment in an all-round way. Weather or not carry out the teaching resources to satisfy with the requirement of the curriculum reform and the standard of the curriculum, especially the textbooks of every curriculum is a key respect of the reform. Embody the spirit of outline"," compulsory education course standard of Biology of the fulltime (the draft)" (hereafter referred to as the biological course standard) and headed by People’s Education Publishing House many of compulsory education course standard experiment textbooks " Biology " that publishing house wrote have been put out in our country since 2001, and began to use in 38 national-level test blocks of the whole country. It began to expand to the other test blocks progressively from 2002 and planned to all use in our country in 2005. New course reform demands to realize high quality and diversification that the teaching material is written of new period, this requires each set of textbooks coming into operation to have its own characteristic. And has its own distinctive qualities in giving play to the function and value of the textbooks.These biology textbooks of the compulsory education which wrote according to the biological course standard have many editions, such as People Educational Press edition, Jiangsu edition, Beijing Normal University edition and Hebei edition .etc, These textbooks using advanced educational idea and experience that the domestic and international teaching materials written for reference, combining regional society economic and educational reality of development, have formed their own characteristics. The People’s education publishing house as the subordinate national-level organization of our Ministry of Education, being engaged in the research of biology textbooks of middle and primary schools since our country founded. It has accumulated abundant experience. These biology textbooks of the compulsory education which published by the People’s education publishing house (Abbreviated as the new Biology teaching material below), Include four volumes as a whole for full-time grade 7 , 8 of compulsory education to use. The Biology new teaching materialsbased on the biological course standard, inherited traditional teaching materials profit that will be help to teach as well as study Regarding training student’s initiative spirit and practice ability a更多还原