《诗经》宴饮诗与周代礼乐文化的变迁

【作者】 孔德凌；

【导师】 赵东栓； 郑杰文；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集，它的内容丰富，题材多样。宴饮诗是《诗经》中的重要内容之一。宴饮诗是描写君臣上下、同宗近族、亲朋好友之间觥酬交错、宴饮欢聚的诗歌，表现了贵族的威仪礼节，体现了宗族的和睦合好，展现了周代礼乐文化的发展与变迁。 周代初期，周公制礼作乐，奠定了周代礼乐文化的大体规模。西周中期礼乐文化彬彬盛矣，许多典礼仪式的诗歌反映了此时的礼乐文化发展的盛况。宴饮活动进入了诗歌创作，但初创的宴饮诗数量很少，具有非独立性，宴饮与射礼、祭礼等礼仪融为一体。 根据内容西周中期与祭祀有关的宴饮可以分为两类：飨尸宴和族内宴，都有宗教色彩，带着对神灵的崇拜和敬仰。反映飨尸宴的诗歌有《周颂·丝衣》、《大雅·既醉》、《大雅·凫鹫》等。它们都是祭祀时宴尸的诗歌，祭祀时宴饮、尊崇“象神”的“尸”意味着对神灵的尊崇与信仰，人敬神飨神的同时，还要求神的赐施与回报。对宴饮活动的重视，对君子威仪德仪的注重反映了祭祀这样的宗教活动中人的活动开始受到关注。《小雅·楚茨》描写了祭祀的过程，完备而周详，热闹又有序，其中最动人的是宗族合宴的景象，再现了宗族和睦的图景。此外《大雅·行苇》的宴饮与射礼密切相关。 西周后期礼乐文化不断发展，礼乐繁盛，制度完备，产生了许多礼仪性质的诗歌。很多的宴饮诗具有礼仪的性质。宴饮诗有很大发展，产生了纯粹而独立的宴饮诗，而且宴饮诗数量很多，内容丰富，同时宴饮诗中融入了浓郁深厚的感情。大量的宴饮诗反映了周代礼乐文化的繁盛，我们可以借以窥见“郁郁乎文”的周代礼乐文化。如《小雅·彤弓》是燕飨有功诸侯的诗歌，气势恢弘，大气磅礴。而《小雅·湛露》写宴饮宗族通宵达旦，极近款诚。此时的宴饮诗从宗教中解放出来，反映的是现实社会中的礼制与人情，带有政治色彩和伦理观念。 与此同时，还有部分宴饮诗歌产生了变异，反映了周代礼乐文化的衰微。《小雅·伐木》、《小雅·常棣》等诗歌呼唤亲情友谊，向往宗族和睦，侧面反射出周代社会伦理关系走向崩溃，人心开始动摇的现实状况。诗歌作者深深忧虑着礼乐文化将坠的社会情况，企图通过宴饮聚合的方式来团结宗族，稳定社会。 西周末期礼乐完全崩溃，贵族湛乐饮酒，乱德失礼，人们陶醉于美酒的麻醉中，尽情享乐。宴饮不再是合好友睦、用观威仪的方式，而是满足感官享受、纵情逸乐的方式。《小雅·宾之初筵》典型地反映了贵族醉酒后乱舞狂欢、失礼乱德的状况。此时礼仪道德己经无法起到维系人心、约束人群、团结社会的作用，周代的礼乐文化丧失殆尽。 通过宴饮诗歌的变化发展可以清楚得看到周代礼乐文化变迁的过程，同时反映出宴饮诗创作思想的变迁。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Book of Songs is the first ancient poem collection in our country, which is rich in terms of contents and colorful in terms of themes. Poems of wining and dining are one of the important parts in The Book of Songs. Poems of wining and dining are the ones to describe the happy occasions of drinking and dining among the monarch and the ministers, among the relatives, and among the close friends, which shows the solemn courtesy, the harmony of the patriarchal clan, and reveals the development and changes in terms of the cultures of courtesy and music in Zhou Dysnasty.At the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, Duke of Zhou prescribed the courtesy and music which laid the foundation for the size of the cultures of courtesy and music in Zhou Dynasty. In the middle of Western Zhou Dynasty, the cultures of courtesy and music flourished, which was reflected by the poems of describing the ceremonies. The activities of wining and dining became the themes of poems writing, but the primarily written poems were nonindependent in which the activities of wining and dining were integrated with hunting ceremonies and memorial ceremonies. At that time the number of the poems of wining and dining was small. According to the content, the wining and dining can be divided into two types: banquet of entertaining the dead bodies on funerals and banquet in the patriarchal clan. Banquet of entertaining the dead bodies on funerals is colored by religion with the respect and worship for the Gods and spirits. The poems reflecting banquet of entertaining the dead bodies on funerals are Zhou Song Si Yi ,Da Ya Ji Zui, Da ya Fu Yi and so on. They are all the poems describing banquets on the funerals when offering sacrifices to gods or ancestors. Wining and dining and respecting the dead bodies which are related to the gods means the worship to the gods and belief in the gods, but the emphasis on the activities of wining and dining reflects the fact that the activities of human being begin to be concerned, which indicates that when people respect the gods and entertain thegods, they also demand the bestowal and reward from the gods. Xiao Ya Chu Ci describes the process of offering sacrifices for gods or ancestors, which is complete and detailed, bustling and order, in which the scene of dining together in the patriarchal clan is most exciting and the scene of harmony of the patriarchal clan is reproduced.At the end of Western Zhou Dynasty, the culture of courtesy and music continued to develop, the courtesy and music flourishing, the regulations complete, and many poems with the characters of courtesy and ceremony coming into being. Many poems had the characters of courtesy and ceremony. The poems of wining and dining had developed greatly, and appeared the pure and independent poems of wining and dining which was large in the number and rich in terms of contents, and at the same time the deep emotion merged into them. A large number of poems of wining and dining reflect the flourishing of the culture of courtesy and music in Zhou Dynasty, and we can see the "letter flourishing" of the cultures of courtesy and music in Zhou Dynasty with the help of these poems. For example, Xiao Ya Tong Gong, which is marvelous and spectacular, is the poem entertaining the meritorious dukes. While Xiao Ya Zhan Lu describes the entertaining, extremely generous, of the patriarchal clan from day to night. The poems of wining and dining at that time was released from the religion, reflecting the system of courtesy and the human feelings in the real society, with political and ethical conception attached to it.At the same time, there are other poems of wining and dining changing, reflecting the faintness of the culture of courtesy and music in Zhou Dynasty. Xiao Ya Fa Mu, Xiao Ya Chang Di and other poems call for the emotional attachment among family members and friendship, and long for the harmony of patriarchal clan, reflecting from one side the collapse of the ethical relationship in Zhou Dynasty and reality of popular anxiety. The authors of the poems were更多还原