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李渔对凌濛初的继承与发展

【作者】 杨琳

【导师】 张稔穰;

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 , 中国古代文学, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 韩南教授在《中国白话小说史》中指出“在以前的小说家中,李渔最接近的是凌濛初”,他在小说与戏曲两个领域对凌濛初都所继承与发展。 凌濛初与李渔都是拟话本小说的大家。凌濛初所作《两拍》与《三言》相较,在材料来源、创作目的、结构体制上多有不同,具有更显著的独创品格。李渔一方面承继由《两拍》定型成熟的拟话本体制,另一方面则在头回数量、位置、诗词征引等各方面对拟话本体制有所突破与消解。 由于受史学的影响,早期小说多为对客观存在的人或事的叙述,作品对作家而言只是一维的客观世界。直至唐朝,作品中才比较鲜明的有了作家主观意识的投入。按照常理推论,自此中国小说应能够更为成熟圆融地融入作者主观情感、自我意象,从而走向主客观水乳交融的辉煌,但事实并非如此。晚唐,小说出现分支,白话小说从市人小说和寺院俗讲中诞生,后繁荣于宋元,是为“宋元话本”。话本多由民间艺人集体创作,作为谋生的工具,表现的是市民群众的群体意识,且同一话本多人使用,谈不上体现个人情感。明代始有一流文人参与大量搜集编汇宋元话本,并模拟其形式创作拟话本,于其中倾注情感,借他人酒杯浇自己垒块。冯梦龙编汇《三言》,已在自我情感投注上迈出重要一步,而自我意识的凸显则是由凌濛初在《两拍》中实践完成的。凌濛初在《两拍》中多利用入话中的议论,岔开故事情节,表述自己对一些社会问题的立场、看法,并在故事中情不自禁地流露出自己的叙事兴味、思想情趣。但其意识、情感尚处于不自觉的表现阶段,并非有意取材于自身生活经历。李渔则直承凌濛初凸显自我的风格,他笔下的文字处处可见其思想灵魂。他不仅在议论中直接抒发自己的观点,且大胆冲破历来歧视小说的观念,不以末技视之,而将其等同于诗文,从中抒发自己的感慨,甚至将自己的经历写入作品,一些小说就是李渔的自寓。从凌濛初到李渔代表了拟话本中的自我意识由凸显走向高涨,为以后更加深厚浑融的带有自传色彩的长篇小说《儒林外史》、《红楼梦》等巨著的出现提供了有益的借鉴。 我国古代小说中以奇为美的观念一以贯之。从神话传说、魏晋志怪、唐宋传奇,始终重“奇”,这种“奇”虽然也有情节曲折离奇的意思,但多数指“牛鬼蛇神”之奇。入明以后,小说的审美倾向开始变化,在创作上已不再追求耳目之外超现实的怪异之奇,开始走向对现实生活中既出意想之外又落人情物理之中的无奇之奇的追求.实践的发展促进理论的突破,率先提出要写“庸常之奇”的是凌檬初。但其创作实践与提倡的理论观点有相当的姐龄之处。他并未做到他所倡导的不向耳目之外求怪怪奇奇的承诺,实际上他对灵怪题材有着浓厚的兴趣,《两拍》中鬼影幢幢,不少作品既“荒诞不足信”又“衰秽不忍闻”,充盈着宿命因果灵怪之事。直接承继凌檬初“无奇之奇”的思想观念,并在实际创作中结合得更为完美圆融的是李渔.他集文人商贾为一身,以“砚田笔耕”为生,自然十分重视作品的畅销程度,以满足读者好奇探秘的心理为旨归.他以“奇”作为自己的写作标准,同时认为物理易尽、人情难尽,现实生活特别是最为平常的人情物理才值得抒写.李渔的《无声戏》、《十二楼》两部拟话本集共三十篇小说,全是描写世情内容的.在实际创作中,李渔也极少利用牛鬼蛇神推动情节发展,而代之以悬念、巧合、视角变换来达到“奇”的效果,在艺术技巧上较凌檬初更为推进一步。他虽有部分作品写及神仙菩萨,但已失去凌檬初的真挚度诚,代之以调笑戏谑,在荒诞中实际上构成了对神佛的彻底否定。李渔在继承的同时又有所发展,提出“新”乃“奇”的别称,对创作提出更高的要求,认为作家需不断创新,意新为上,话新次之,字句新又次之. 凌檬初与李渔都是小说、戏曲兼擅,他们二人在戏曲创作、戏曲理论上亦有不俗建树。中国戏曲发初之初都是本色当行的,但入明近二百年间,曲坛出现繁褥之弊。针对此流弊,凌檬初表示出极大愤慨,一方面对藻饰进行尖锐抨击,另一方面对以但俗为本色的倾向也大加讽刺.在辫证批判两种不良倾向的基拙上,凌檬初从戏曲演出效果与人物身份性格两方面着眼,提出 “曲贵本色当行”的主张。如果说把本色当行理解为语言的平易通俗还是停留在前人的基础上,那么凌檬初把本色论引申到人物性格领域的见解,应当说是在前人的基础上向前跨进一大步。李渔接过“本色当行”的旗帜,并在论述中与凌檬初显出惊人的一致,只是更为具体深入。他亦从舞台效果出发,认为传奇贵浅显,并从受众的角度剖析原因.同时指出曲词必须符合人物性格身份。李渔对凌檬初并非单纯的继承,作为极富创新精神的戏曲理论家,他提出“语求肖似”,将“本色论”发展到“人物形象塑造论”。 在中国戏曲理论史上,长期以来曲论批评家的目光都集中在重音律还是重辞采上,对“戏”则不太看重。入明后,王骥德在曲论专著《曲律》中对戏曲如何构思布局进行探索。他从作家创作角度入手,以工匠建造宫室为喻,提出创作前构思布局的方法.这在王骥德以音律、词采为重的书中仅占一小部分,很多学者都认为它对后来李渔“?

【Abstract】 Ling Mengchu and Li Yu are all masters of NiHuaBen. Compared with Feng Menglong’s San Yan, Ling Mengchu’s Liang Pai was more original. It was the first time that original NiHuaBen had assembled to a book. On the one hand, Li Yu inherited the NiHuaBen style moulded by Liang Pai; on the other hand, he made a breakthrough.Because of the influence of history books, many of the former novels of China were objectively transcribe the real people or stories. For writers, the works was only one-dimensional objective world. In Ming dynasty, the first-classical scholars participated in collecting and reorganizing SongYuanHuaBen and they simulated its style to write NiHuaBen. The scholars brought their emotions into the works. FengMenglong’s San Yan had made an important stride in injecting writer’s emotion. After this, LingMengchu’s mentalities were showed projectingly in Liang Pai. In Ling’s works, the writer’s consciousness and mentality was still expressed unconsciously. LiYu directly inherited and developed LingMengchu’s style and his ideas and soul could be seen everywhere in his works. From LingMengchu to LiYu, writer’s emotion in NiHuaBen was developed from projecting to rising.As far as novel theory was concerned, LingMengchu firstly put forward that writer should write "the rare of mediocrity" (yong chang zhi qi), but his works was contradictory with his theory. It was LiYu who inherited his idea and successfully applied it to writing. LiYu’s works came from real life and he rarely used ghosts to propel his plot. Li regarded "original" as alternative name of "strange" and posed demanding request of the writer.In traditional opera domain, LingMengchu sharply attacked the malpractice of prolix of writing and put forward "opera esteeming natural" (qu gui dang hang). Holding high this banner, LiYu developed his idea and posed "language pursuiting similar"(yu qiu xiao si).LingMengchu’s "opera structure also important" (xi qu da jia yi shi yao shi) had great influence on LiYu’s "structure first" (jie gou di yi). LingMengchu inherently insisted on "writing for spectators"(guan zhong ben wei) and it was succeeded by LiYu and developed to "writing for entertainment"(yu le ben wei).Close times and similar life experiences offered utmost opportunities for LiYu to accept and inherit LingMengchu’s point of view. The baptism of personality liberating thoughts constituted the profound internal causes and ideological foundation for LiYu’s inheritance and development. Addition to these, LiYu’s succession and development conformed to literature’s own law and it was one of the reasons for LiYu’s prominent success.

【关键词】 凌濛初李渔拟话本戏曲继承发展
【Key words】 LingMengchuLiYuNiHuaBenoperasuccession and development
  • 【分类号】I207.41
  • 【被引频次】2
  • 【下载频次】339
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