【作者】 彭芳；

【导师】 秦洪武；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 外国语言学及应用语言学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 所有的语言学理论都是为了阐明人类语言的语法的本质。但在回答“什么是语法的本质”这个问题上，便有必要了解“语言是如何获得语法的”，(Bybee,2002)正是对这个问题的关心导致语法化(grammaticalization)研究的兴起和深入，即探讨语法得以建立的过程。语法化指的是实词虚化和相关的语言变化。一些功能主义的语言学家认为，语法演变(包括语法化现象)的发生是由话语交流中某种语用／认知策略促动的，本质上是语言使用的产物；共时平面上的语言变异体现的是历时平面上的语言演变的不同阶段。 时、体系统的发展被认为是体现语法化过程的经典个案。房氏认为，“在语法书所分别诸时当中，有一个时是非常主观的，就是将来时”(1925／1996：151)。接着他就举汉语的“要”和英语的、will,shall为例。王力(1984)认为这一观察是非常准确的。汉语中用能愿式表示将来时，正是因为将来时是非常主观的。Bybee,Perkins&Pagliuca(1994)通过跨语言的历时研究，认为将来时与其说是时间概念，不如说是一个类似于情态的概念，即以施事者为中心的情态(agent-oriented modality)和认知情态(epistemic modality)的概念。将来意义就是说话者对发生在说话时间之后的事件进行预测，除此以外，还包括意愿、意图等。学者(Fleischman,1982;Bybee&Pagliuca,1987;Dahl,1985;Byee,Pagliuca&Perkins,1991)对罗曼语和英语中表示将来意义的成分进行了跨语言的历时研究，得出语法化的假设：所有语言中的将来时间是由少数几个词或结构发展而来，这些词或结构通过了相似的发展路线。具体为：(1)意义为“要”的动词成为将来标记；(2)表示向目标移动的动词或短语在世界各语言中经常演变成为将来标记。本文利用汉语中表示将来意义的成分对上述假设进行验证；同时对英汉语将来时间标志的语法化过程、方式、动因、程度等进行历时平面和共时平面上的比较。 本文的主要任务就是对英汉语中表示将来意义的成分进行历时和共时平面的比较。历时比较表现在这些成分由实义词向功能词的演变，而共时比较主要探讨这些成分相对的语法化程度。 回顾语法化的研究历史，有助于了解前人研究的成果和发展现状，从而阐明本课题的缘起.本文采用了当前通行的看法，认为语法化研究可分为三个时期(见第一章):以Meillet为代表的早期研究，从历时的角度进行，将语法化视为语言演变的一部分;二十世纪七、八十年代的研究，将历时的研究扩展为共时和类型学研究，将语法化视为解释共时语法的一个参数;二十世纪八十年代以来的研究，确立了语法化研究的中心地位.前人对表示将来意义的成分进行的语法化研究，主要采用罗曼语和英语的语料;对英汉语相关语言现象的语法化的对比研究，也鲜有涉及。本文研究的目的是:结合认知和语用因素，探讨英汉语中表示将来意义的成分的语法化. 第二章主要探讨一些理论问题并提出本文依据的理论框架:语法化不仅是一个宏观历时的演变过程，而且还是共时的过程，这两个过程是一致的.我们可以从认知的角度对语言的历时变化进行分析，同时也要在共时平面上探讨语境因素。语法化是认知和语用因素相互作用的结果，隐喻和转喻相互作用，使得语言呈现离散性和连续性的特征。比较英汉语相同、相似或相关的语言现象的语法化过程、机制、动因、程度，可以验证语法化的相关理论和假设，以求揭示英汉语的各自特点和普遍规律。 个案研究可以验证、补充和发展语法化的理论和一系列假设，本文分别在第三章和第四章探讨英汉语将来意义的语法化问题.对英语将来时间标记的演变，西方学者已经进行了详尽而深入的研究，在此基础上，本文结合语境因素，对wil珑 hall，be gofngto的语法化过程进行分析，前者由情态动词演变而来，后者表示向目标移动的短语演变为将来标志。本文以英语情态动词的分类及其演变顺序为基娜出，即:施事者为中心的情态>认知情态>说话者为中心的情态，提出了将来意义发展的四个阶段，即，意愿/能力>意图>预测>可能/命令/条件/让步等.这一假设同样适用于有其它来源的将来意义，例如向目标移动的动词和短语演变而来的将来意义。 运用汉语语料对表示将来时间的语法化假设进行验证，从而扩展研究范围，是本文另一个拟解决的问题，以“要/会/将”，“来/去”为代表。前者由情态动词演变而来，后者表示向目标移动的动词演变为将来标志.本文探讨这些成分语法化的过程、方式、动因，并对共时平面上的多义现象进行了历时解释.卜 语法化在共时平面上的反映就是有些成分的虚化程度高于另一些成分， (沈家煊，2000)对英汉语语法化的程度进行对比分析，主要通过概念域/语义之间的对比，提出作者的比较结果;同时运用语料库中包含将来时间标志的英汉语语言材料进行归纳和分析。分析结果表明，汉语中表示将来时间的“要/会/将”，“来/去”正经历着由实词向虚词的演变;其中，“要”的使用频率最高，其次为“会”;相对应的“will”有同样高的使用频率;“来/去”的使用频率和相对应的“begoingto’，分别为最低，其中，前者的使用频率又远远低于后者.这正?更多还原

【Abstract】 A linguistic theory is concerned with the enterprise of elucidating the nature of the grammar of human languages. But along with asking the question "what is the nature of grammar?", we can also ask "how do languages acquire grammar?".(Bybee, 2002) It is the interest of researchers in the latter question that leads to the revival and elaboration of a theory of grammaticalization, that is, to the examination of the process by which grammar is created. Grammticalization refers to the evolution of a morpheme from a lexical to grammatical and other relevant language change. Some functional linguists view that grammar change (including grammaticalization) is motivated by pragmatic/cognitive strategies through human communication, and that language use is an essential factor in the development of grammatical construction; synchronic variation is representative of stages through which diachronic evolution has to go.Tense and aspect are widely acknowledged in the linguistic literature to represent a classic case of grammaticalization from full verb to function words. Vendryes specifies "Among the tenses differentiated in our grammars, one is eminently subjective, the future." (1925/1996: 151) Then he uses Chinese yao and English will/shall to illustrate his point. Wang Li (1984) thinks of this view as accurate. He believes that Chinese future is derived from optative form just because future is eminently subjective. According to Bybee, Perkins and Pagliuca (1994), future is less a temporal category and more a category resembling agent-oriented and epistemic modality, with important temporal implications The focal use of the future is the prediction on the part of the speaker that the event is to occur after the moment of speech. In addition to prediction, future includes willingness, intention, etc. Cross-linguistic study of derivation of futures identifies a universal prototype for future, namely, future from volition and future from movement.This thesis aims to test this hypothesis using the Chinese data. On top of that, comparative study of English and Chinese futures is conducted. The comparative study of the grammaticalizational process, manner, degree of futures in these two languages can reveal the mechanism of grammaticalization, hence delineates the respective characteristics as well as the laws of language.The thesis specifies the main task of the present study: comparative study of futures from diachronic and synchronic perspectives with qualitative and quantitative methodology. The introduction presents definition, scope and studying approach of grammaticalization and the main task of the present study.In order to have a survey of previous researches about grammaticalization and initiate the present study, Chapter 1 provides the review of previous researches about grammaticalization and then the statement about problem of the previous study. The researches can be divided into three stages:(l) Earlier researches on grammaticalziation represented by Meillet: grammaticalziation was viewed mainly part of diachronic linguistics, as a means of analyzing linguistic evolution; (2) Recent approaches (1970s-1980s), grammaticalization studies were expended from predominantly diachronic approaches to synchronic and typological investigation of linguistic material; (3) Current studies (1980s-now):grammaticalization assumes a significant place as a topic in its own right.Chapter 2 introduces some theoretical issues and a framework applicable in this thesis: Grammaticalization is a combination process with macro-diachronic and micro-synchronic processes. We can give cognitive interpretation to diachronic change while we have to explore contextual requirements on synchronic level. As a result of interplay of metaphor and metonymy, language is found to be of continuity and discontinuity. A comparative study of the gramamticalizational process, mechanism, motivation and degree of the related grammatical categories in Chinese and English can reveal principles of grammaticalization, atte更多还原