【作者】 赵恒刚；

【导师】 黄大庄； 崔建州； 侯建华；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 森林保护学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本文对河北省北部的塞罕坝机械林场和御道口牧场的森林鼠害的发生情况和防治技术进行了初步研究，包括森林害鼠的种类及对林木的危害情况；对林地间害鼠的优势种达乌尔黄鼠(Citellus dauricus Brandt)进行了生态学特性的观察，研究了其年龄鉴定的方法。另外在室内研制了无毒和低毒杀鼠烟剂，于2002年在御道口牧场对达乌尔黄鼠进行了野外防治试验；又选取不同植物的乙醇粗提物测定对达乌尔黄鼠脑的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响，为植物性杀鼠剂的筛选提供了一条新的思路；并对达乌尔黄鼠及森林鼠害的防治提出了建议。研究结果如下：在森林鼠害的发生情况方面，(1)在2001～2003年，森林受鼠类危害的面积在扩大，受害程度增强，受害的林木主要是中、幼林地的樟子松和落叶松，受害部位在林木的根茎部、顶芽、枝梢。平均受害率在5.0％～81.3％之间，受害面积达到150hm~2以上；(2)用铗日法对林地的害鼠进行了调查，调查树种涉及2～10a生的各林龄段的落叶松和樟子松。共捕获害鼠195只，鼠种包括达乌尔黄鼠、花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus Laxmann)、黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus barabensis Pallas)、大家鼠(Rattus norvegicus Berkonhout)、小家鼠(Mus musculus Linnaeus)、大林姬鼠(Apodemus speciosus Temminck)、棕背鼠平(Clethrionomys rufocanus Sundevall)、五趾跳鼠(Allactaga sibirica Forster)、草原鼢鼠(Myospalax aspalax Pallas)共9种。其中达乌尔黄鼠是优势种；(3)河北北部林区的达乌尔黄鼠在3月底气温在5℃以上时，开始出蛰，如果气温偏低会推迟出蛰时间。9月中旬气温下降，开始入蛰，比其它地方的达乌尔黄鼠的入蛰时间早。以植物性食物为主，占到食物总量的96.2％；(4)对42个达乌尔黄鼠的20项测量指标进行主成分分析(包括体长、尾长和18项头骨的各部分指标)，选出了体长、颅全长、基长、腭长、颅高、后头高、后头宽、颧宽8项有代表性的指标，通过这8项指标对42个样本个体进行了系统聚类分析，采用了类平均法，把42个样本个体分为5个年龄组，并用其上臼齿的磨损程度作比较，两种方法的结果相符。认为河北北部林区的达乌尔黄鼠的自然寿命在5a以上。这种对达乌尔黄鼠年龄鉴定的方法为其年龄结构的研究提供了依据。在森林鼠害的防治方面，(1)在室内研制了无毒和低毒杀鼠烟剂共8种，在野外对达乌尔黄鼠进行了防治试验，平均防治效果为84.52％；(2)对2种植物的5种组织及13种中草药进行乙醇浸提，用各乙醇提取物测定对达乌尔黄鼠脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明，曼佗罗的花、瑞香狼毒的根的乙醇粗提物对达乌尔黄鼠脑的乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有明显抑制作，瑞香狼毒的叶及胡黄连、芫花等中药的乙醇粗提物在较低浓度下增强了乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性，其中瑞香狼毒的叶及胡黄连、芫花、当归的乙醇粗提物使其增强的速度较快；(3)根据达乌尔黄鼠的生态学特性，提出了防治方案，选择合适的防治时期，综合防治。从河北北部林区的实际情况出发，提出以生态学措施为基础的综合防治策略，把森林害鼠控制在不足危害的水平。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, the preliminary studies on occurrence circumstance and prevention and cure technique of forest rat harm in Saihanba Mechanised Tree farm and Yudaokou Ranch of northern of Hebei. Include category of the forest rat harm and forest endanger, to observe the Citellus dauricus’’ ecology characteristic of the advantage populous in the forest, to research the method of the age identification, the nonpoisonous and low poision smoke was developemented indoor, and in the year 2002, control experiment on citellus dauricus was made in the Yudaokou Ranch. The effect of different plants alcohol on activity of Citelus dauicus’s Acetylcholinesterase, which is a new way for choosing of the plant killed rat, and bringing up some suggestion for the control of Cittlus dauricus and forest rat harm. The result is showed as below: the occurrence circumstance on the forest rat harm,(l)Between year 2001 and 2003, forest endanger is increasing and harm degree is increasing, the most forest harmed is middle and young Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii ,The harmful parts lies in root,crest bud,the top of branch. The average injury persent between 5.0 and 81.3, harmful area is more than 150hm2. (2) Forest rat is investigated with clips. Tree kinds investigated include Pinus sylvestris and Larix gmelinii , A total of 195 specimens is obtained, include Citellus dauricus, Eutamias sibiricus, Cricetulus barabensis Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus Li,Apodemus speciosus, Clethrionomys rufocanus, Allactaga sibirica, Myospalax aspalax, Citellus dauricus is advantage kind among them.(3) Citellus dauricus in north forest of Hebei is wake up from hibernation on the end of March, when the air temperature is more than 5 C .Or the time of occurrence will delayed by low temperature. When lowing temperature in the middle September, The Citellus dauricus beginning to hibernate, which is more earlier than any other places. The food of the Citellus dauricus main is plant, 96.2 percent of the total deal of food. (4) 20 index of 42 Citellus dauricus are analyzed with the principal component analysis (include body long, tail long and sort of index of 18 skulls).the 8 index of body long, greatest long of skull, basal length of skull, palatal long, skull high, back skull high, back skull width, cheek width are chosen. Synthesize cluster analysis was applied with 42 samples of 8 index by type average method. The 42 samples are divided into 5 age sets and the wear away degree of top molar teeth is compared, the results of two kinds ways are same. Show that nature age of Citellus dauricus is more than 5 years in northern of Hebei. The method of the Citellus dauricus age assessment is basis of the age structure study. Prevention and cure on the forest rat harm. (1) 8 kinds of nonpoisonous and low poison smoke are experimented on Citellus dauricus prevention and cure in the fields. The average result is 84.52 persent. (2) Different parts of Datura stramonium and Stellera chamaejasme and 12 kinds of herb medicine were extracted with alcohol; the liquid of Citelus dauicusacetylcholinesterase is made with Citelus dauicus’s brains. Effects on activity of Citelus dauicus acetylcholinesterase were measured by alcohol extraction. The result is that the alcohol of thick degrees of alcohol extraction. The result is that the alcohol of Datura stramonium flower and Stellera chamaejasme’root restrain acetylcholinesterase acyivity Citellus dauricus obviously. Aetylcholinesterase activist is strengthen by alcohol extract of lower thick degree of Stellera chamaejasme’leaves and Picrorrhiza scrothulariaeflora, Daphne genkwa, of all strength rate of Stellera chamaejasme’ leaves and Picrorrhiza scrothulariaeflora, Daphne genkwa, Angelica sylvestris is most fastest.(3) According Citellus dauricus’s ecology characteristic, prevention and cure, the seasons of prevention and cure synthesize control are brought up. The actual circumstance of north forest of Hebei is concerned. The integrated control ways is base on ecology measurement is brought up, so that forest rat harm i更多还原