【作者】 郑东旭；

【导师】 张晋国；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 农业机械化工程， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 土壤风蚀沙化现象已成为中国北方农牧交错区农业可持续发展最为突出的问题，并在沙尘暴中扮演着重要的角色。近年来，沙尘暴发生频率居高不下，使土壤风蚀受到土壤环保专家的一致重视。 本文选取位于河北北部的张北、怀来、丰宁风蚀沙化问题严重地区作为典型研究区域，进行野外观测和野外风洞试验研究，定量研究了影响土壤风蚀的有关因子，初步建立了土壤风蚀模型，为土壤风蚀防治工作提供了必要的理论和技术依据。主要研究结果包括： 1 在土壤风蚀沙化严重地区建立了风蚀试验区，针对当地气候以及种植特点进行土壤风蚀监测。 试验结果表明：(1)风是影响土壤风蚀的重要因素。不同地表状况下，近地表的风速值不同。风速同土壤风蚀通量之间存在着幂函数关系。(2)易发生风蚀地区土壤颗粒含量最高的集中在0.045～0.25mm之间。不同地表状况表层土壤含水率存在显著差异。表层土壤含水率同土壤风蚀通量之间存在着幂函数关系，随着表层土壤含水率的增大，土壤风蚀通量减小。(3)不同地表植被状况对风速的减弱作用不同，进而影响土壤风蚀通量。植被覆盖度和植被覆盖量是影响土壤风蚀的重要参数。(4)留茬高度和地表粗糙度在一定范围内存在着指数函数关系。表层土壤含水率不同，地表粗糙度不同。(5)耕作垄向与主风向互相垂直时，土壤风蚀通量最小；平行于主风向时，风蚀通量最大。留茬处理和传统耕作相比，可降低土壤风蚀通量，且随着留茬高度的增加，土壤风蚀通量降低幅度在80.2％～97.1％之间。在控制土壤风蚀措施上，葡萄种植区内秸秆覆盖优于无覆盖，玉米秸秆覆盖优于小麦秸秆覆盖。(6)农田防护林后风速和土壤风蚀通量的变化趋势是先小后大。葡萄种植区的风障在一定范围内有降低风速的作用，风障走向与主风向互相垂直时，风障降低风速的效果最好；在一定范围内，防雹网减风效果明显。 2 在对风蚀模型深入分析和田间试验基础上初步建立了适合研究地区的土壤风蚀模型。模型模拟结果与实测数据基本吻合，但是模型的验证与评价只是初步的，尚需进一步验证。更多还原

【Abstract】 The phenomenon of soil wind erosion and desertification has already become the most outstanding problem of agricultural sustainable development of China’s north farming-pastoral zone, and is playing an important role in the sandstorm. In recent years, the sandstorm remains high frequency, makes the soil wind erosion receive unanimous attention of the expert of environmental protection of soil.Taking the serious area of soil wind erosion and desertification as a typical region, which lie in the north of Hebei province : Zhangbeu Huailau Fengning, the paper carries on observing and experimental study of wind-tunnel in the field, studies the involved factor which influence the soil wind erosion with the method quantitative analysis, and has set up soil wind erosion models tentatively. The model offers essential theory and technological basis for preventing and curing soil wind erosion. The main research achievements conclude:1. Set up wind erosion trial zone at soil wind erosion and desertification serious areas, Carry on soil wind erosion monitor by the characteristic of local weathers and the plant.The result of the test shows: (1) The wind is the important factor of influencing the soil wind erosion. Under different states of the earth’s surface, the value of wind velocity of the closed surface of the earth is different. The functional relation of power exists between the wind velocity and the flux of soil wind erosion. (2) The highest soil granule content concentrate on between 0.045 ~0.25mm in the area taking place wind erosion easily. The remarkable difference exists in different waters content of soil of top layer of state of the earth’s surface. The functional relation of power exists between top layer soil water content and flux of soil wind erosion, with the increase of the water content of soil of top layer, the flux of wind erosion of soil is reduced. (3)Different types of the earth’s surface vegetations, has different function of reducing wind velocity, sequentially influence the flux of soil wind erosion. It is the important parameters of influencing the soil wind erosion thatthe vegetation covers degree and amount. (4) The highness of the remaining stubble and the earth’s surface roughness has functional relation of exponent within the specific limits. If the waters content of soil of top layer is different, the roughness of the earth’s surface is different. (5) When main wind directions and the ridge in a field cultivation is perpendicular each other, the flux of soil wind erosion is minimal; while Parallel between them, the soil wind erosion has the largest flux. The treatment of remaining stubble compared with traditional cultivation can reduce the flux of soil wind erosion, and that with the highness of the remaining stubble increasing, the scope of reducing the flux of soil wind erosion ranges in 80. 2%~97. 1%. In controlling soil wind erosion measures, the straw covered is superior to no straw covered in the area that plants grape, the maize straw covered is superior to the wheat straw covered. (6) After the shelter belt of farmland, the change tendency of the wind velocity and the flux of soil wind erosion become lower firsty, and then become great. The windbreak has the function which reduces the wind velocity within the specific limits in of the area that plants grape. When the trend of the windbreak and the direction the main wind are perpendicular each other, the effect of reducing the wind velocity of wind break is the best; Within the specific limits, the effect of the weakening the wind velocity of web of hail-break is obvious .2. Based on analysing in depth to the wind erosion model and field foundation of testing, set up tentatively the soil wind erosion models which is suitable for the study the area.The simulation result of the model and the data of surveying are basically identical, but the verification of the model and appraisal is merely preliminary, still need to verify further.更多还原