【作者】 刘奇勇；

【导师】 李雁鸣； 张建平；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 无机营养在作物干物质中所占的比重较小，但对作物所起的作用却不容忽视，尤其是氮、磷、钾对作物产量和品质的影响更为重要。鉴于对专用强筋小麦品种8901的产量和品质形成与施肥的关系及配方施肥研究较少，笔者于2002—2003年度在河北农业大学教学基地进行了2项试验研究：以专用强筋小麦品种8901—11（简称8901）、高产品种石4185（简称4185）、高蛋白品种河农341（简称341）、耐早高产品种河农859（简称859）为供试品种，探讨不同叶层氮素对品质形成所起的作用；利用氮、磷、钾三因素的旋转回归设计，以小麦产量和品质性状为目标，对8901的优化施肥技术方案进行了研究。主要结果如下： 1．氮、磷、钾三因素对8901的产量和品质指标的影响各不相同。在影响产量和品质指标的3个因子中以氮肥的作用最大，尤其对蛋白质含量的影响最大。磷肥对产量的影响要远大于钾肥。在品质指标中，磷肥对湿面筋含量和沉降值的影响也大于钾肥，而对蛋白质含量和容重的影响则是钾肥大于磷肥。综合来看，对于产量和品质指标的作用大小顺序依次为氮＞磷＞钾。氮肥是影响产量和品质指标的首要因素。 2．8901的最高产量氮磷钾配比为N：P₂O₅：K₂O=1：1：0.94。蛋白质含量最高的施肥配比为1.25：1：0.19，但对应的产量较低。钾肥在试验地的肥力条件下，对于稳定8901的产量有重要作用。高产的适宜施肥水平氮肥为中上水平，磷肥为中等水平，钾肥为偏上水平。在高蛋白含量下，氮肥为中等或高水平，氮肥对蛋白质含量的提高和维持起主要作用，磷钾肥起维持作用。增施磷钾肥可能因促进小麦光合产物的积累和向籽粒的转移，相对地降低了籽粒蛋白质含量。 3．通过8901产量和品质指标的回归方程，进行多目标综合决策，用综合评分的方法，模拟筛选出不同的优化施肥量及配合方案多种，生产上应根据产品和肥料价格的变动应用。得分最高的方案为产量最高的方案。入选方案的施肥量范围为N 239.25～300 kg／hm²，P₂O₅ 150～300kg／hm²，K₂O 112.5～225 kg／hm²。 4．品种8901、4185、859、341茎的氮含量为拔节期＞开花期＞完熟期。不同生育时期茎的氮含量均表现为氮磷配合＞施氮＞对照，茎的氮含量对施肥的反应不因品种而异。穗的氮含量因品种而异。8901对磷更敏感，施磷有利于8901叶片中的氮向籽粒运输。茎中的氮积累量在同一生育时期为氮磷配合＞施氮＞对照，各处理均在开花期达到最大值。穗的氮积累量在开花期为氮磷配合＞施氮＞对照。叶中的氮积累量在拔节期顶部1叶小于2叶，2叶＞3叶＞4叶，在开花期为1叶＞2叶＞3叶＞4叶。同一品种的同一叶层的氮转移量均为氮磷配合＞施氮＞对照，不同处理的相对贡献并无明显差异。在对照处理下，8901的氮转移量在各品种中最高。在氮磷配合处理中，8901和341上部叶的氮转移能力较4185和859强，说明氮磷配合施用提高高蛋白小麦品种的产量和品质有其生理依据。 5.在3种施肥处理条件下，4个小麦品种从顶部开始的第l、2叶的净光合速率，在从拔节到开花后20天期间大致上均为单峰型变化，最高值出现在挑旗至开花期间，而且这期间的净光合速率均保持较高值。第3叶则大约在拔节到挑旗和开花期出现2个高值，且净光合速率值低于1叶和2叶的。不同施肥处理间比较，各品种叶片净光合速率的最高值和平均值一般都以对照的最低，施氮和氮磷配合几的较高，说明了施肥特别是施用氮肥对提高光合功能的重要性。不同品种比较，在对照条件下，341的净光合速率在各品种中一般最高或较高，而在施氮和氮磷配合处理中该品种的净光合速率一般最低或较低。这种趋势在各品种净光合速率的平均值上表现得更为明显。这表明，品种341的光合功能对氮、磷肥的反应不敏感，而其他品种对施肥的反应敏感。 6.与净光合速率的变化相似，3种施肥处理条件下各小麦品种顶部叶和中层叶的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化趋势基本相同，大致上都是在挑旗到开花期为顶点的单峰型变化，而下层叶则多为双峰型变化。不同处理比较，各品种各层叶的可溶性蛋白质含量及下层叶的叶绿素含量多为对照<施氮<氮磷配合，顶部叶和中层叶的叶绿素含量也以对照的最低，但施氮与氮磷配合的差异不大。各叶层的叶绿素含量与籽粒产量、穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重基本呈显著或极显著正相关，与籽粒蛋白质含量、容重等品质性状不存在显著的相关性。可溶性蛋白质含量与产量和品质指标的相关性因生育时期和叶层而异。 7.4个品种间籽粒产量的差异不显著，而不同施肥处理间的籽粒产量差异极显著。容重、蛋白质含量和沉降值在品种间都达极显著差异，显示了不同品质类型小麦品种的品质形成特点。不同施肥处理间的蛋白质含量和沉降值也达显著或极显著差异，表明这些品质性状对施肥的反应敏感，通过施肥措施调控小麦的品质形成具有很大的潜力。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mineral nutrients have small percentage in dry weight of crop plants, but they play important role in regulating crop plants, especially the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on crop yield and quality. The relationship between grain yield and quality formation and fertilization, and the fertilization projects for the cultivar 8901-11 with strong gluten have not been reported, therefore, two field experiments were conducted on The Teaching and Demonstration Farm of Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, during 2002-2003. In one of the experiments, with four field-grown winter wheat cultivars, namely 8901-11 with strong gluten (simply 8901), Shi 4185 with high grain yield (simply 4185), Henong 341 with high grain protein content (simply 341) and Henong 859 with high grain yield and drought tolerance (simply 859), as experimental materials, the role of nitrogen from leaves of different layers on stems in grain yield and quality formation was studied. In another experiment, with a rotating regression design of three decisive variants, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the superior fertilizing projects for 8901-11 was studied with grain yield and quality parameters as target functions. The main results are summarized as follows.1. The effects of the three elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on yield and quality parameters were different. Nitrogen was the element which had the largest effects on yield and quality, especially on grain protein contents. The effect of phosphorus on grain yield was much larger than that of potassium. For grain quality parameters, the effects of phosphorus on wet gluten content and sedimentation value were also larger than that of potassium, but the effects of potassium on grain protein content and test weight were larger than that of phosphorus. In general, the effects on grain yield and quality parameters were in the order of nitrogen> phosphorus>potassium. Nitrogen was the most important factor affecting yield and quality parameters.2. The ratio of the three elements for maximum grain yield of the cultivar 8901 was N:P2O5:K2O=1:1:0.94. The ratio for maximum grain protein content was N:P205:K2O=1.25:1:0.19, but the corresponding grain yield was lower. Potassium fertilizer had a role to stabilize the grain yield of 8901 under the fertility of the trialsite. The suitable fertilizing levels for high yield were middle-high nitrogen, middle phosphorus and higher potassium. The nitrogen fertilizing level for high grain content was middle to high level. Nitrogen fertilizer played an important role in increasing and maintaining grain protein content, but phosphorus and potassium played only a part to maintain it. Increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers may accelerate photosynthate accumulation and translocation to grains, so that decreasing grain protein content relatively.3. Multiple target decision was conducted by synthesizing score method according to the regression equations for grain yield and quality parameters of 8901. Several superior fertilizing projects were selected for application in wheat production according to price fluctuations of wheat products and fertilizers. The project with highest score was that with highest grain yield. The range of fertilizing amounts of the selected projects was N 239.25-300 kg hm~2, P2O5 150-300 kg hm-2, and K2O 112.5-225 kg hm-2.4. The nitrogen content in stems of the cultivars 8901, 4185, 859, 341 in different growth stages was in the order of joining >anthesis> maturity stage. The nitrogen content in stems for different treatments were NP>N>CK (no fertilizing) during the period from jointing to maturity. The responses of stem nitrogen content to fertilization were not different among cultivars. The nitrogen content in spikes was different among cultivars. The cultivar 8901 was more sensitive to phosphorus than other cultivars. Phosphorus fertilization was beneficial to nitrogen translocation from leaf to grain in 8901. Nitrogen accumulation reached maximum at anthesis for al更多还原