【作者】 王元兰；

【导师】 何平； 曹福祥；

【作者基本信息】 中南林学院 ， 生态学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以我国广泛分布的野生植物资源——苦楝（Melia azadarach）、雷公藤（Tripterygium wilfordii）、苦参（Sophora flavescens）、艾蒿（Artemisia argyi）等多种杀虫植物为材料，以重要的园林害虫卫矛尺蠖（Abraxas miranda）和蔬菜害虫斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）为主要试虫分别对其粗提物的杀虫活性进行了室内测定，并根据农药混配原则，将精油、竹醋分别与苦楝果乙醇粗提物以不同配比进行混配后对试虫进行室内生物活性测定，对增效显著的组配及其最佳配比作了进一步优化研究。 室内试验表明，卫矛尺蠖3龄幼虫和斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫取食1000 mg．L^-1的苦楝果乙醇粗提物处理叶48 h后，其食叶量分别为对照的24.31％和22.12％，虫体重增长率呈现负增长，分别为-20.36％和-21.27％；800 mg．L^-1雷公藤乙醇粗提物及雷公藤稀氨水浸提物处理卫矛尺蠖3龄幼虫48 h后，其食叶量分别为对照的37.83％和42.10％、，虫体重增长率分别为对照的37.55％和50.74％。而苦参粗提物对试虫无明显的拒食作用，但能显著抑制试虫体重的增长，1600 mg．L^-1的苦参粗提物处理叶喂养3龄卫矛尺蠖幼虫及4龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫48 h后，虫体重增长率分别为对照的22.01％％和19.46％，并对试虫的低龄幼虫有一定的毒杀作用，卫矛尺蠖2龄幼虫取食1000 mg．L^-1苦参粗提物处理叶24 h后，死亡为率42.36％；48 h后，死亡率达64.69％：而斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫取食1000 mg．L^-1苦参粗提物处理叶后，24 h后死亡率达54.69％，48 h后死亡率高达80.86％。 用非选择性取食法将不同浓度的苦楝果乙醇粗提物、雷公藤乙醇粗提物及雷公藤稀氨水浸提物处理卫矛尺蠖3龄幼虫48 h后，其拒食中浓度AFC₅₀分别为248.53、277.33、383.97mg．L^-1：毒杀中浓度LC₅₀分别为199.53、116.41、314.96 mg．L^-1：处理斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫48 h后，毒杀中浓度LC₅₀分别为101.44、204.80、335.07 mg．L^-1。 用800 mg．L^-1苦楝果乙醇租提物处理斜纹夜蛾幼虫后，在10 h内试虫取食活动的次数明显减少，而平均每次取食活动持续的时间有所延长，但在每次取食活动中幼虫纯粹用于取食的时间又明显降低。此外，取食内间隔特别是取食间间隔显著地比对照延长。 室内试验表明，对卫矛尺蠖3龄幼虫，艾叶精油与苦楝果乙醇粗提物的配比（以原液按体积比）为7：3时，共毒系数（CTC）值可达250.53，竹醋与苦楝果乙醇粗提物的配比为7：3时，共毒系数（CTC）值可达366.51；对斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫，精油与苦楝果乙醇粗提物的配比为5：5时，共毒系数（CTC）值达到374.04，竹醋与苦楝果乙醇粗提物的配比为5：5时，共毒系数（CTC）值可达356.18。 室内试验表明，苦楝果乙醇粗提物对卫矛尺蠖及斜纹夜蛾幼虫均具有较强的抑制取食、阻碍生长发育及毒杀作用，并能影响斜纹夜蛾幼虫的取食节律活动；雷公藤乙醇粗提物及雷公藤稀氨水浸提物对两种试虫均具有一定的拒食、抑制生长发育及毒杀活性；而苦参粗提物对两种试虫无明显的拒食作用，但能显著影响试虫的生长发育，并对试虫低龄幼虫有一定的毒杀作用：艾叶精油和竹醋对苦楝果乙醇粗提物均有明显的增效作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The thesis takes the extensive plant resources - Melia azadarach -Tripterygium wilfordii, Sophora flavescens as study objects, the bioactivity of their extractions on the larvae of Abraxasmiranda and Sopodoptera litura were tested by bioassays. The synergictic action of extraction from the fruits of Melia azadarach with alcohol combined Artemisia argyi oil or Bamboo vinegar in different ratio against the experimental insects was also preliminarily discussed in this paper.The Laboratory experimental results indicated that the 3th instar Abraxasmiranda and the 4th instar Spodoptera ]jtura larvae’ s food quantily is only 24.31% and 22.12% of the control after they are the leaves treated with 1000mg/l extraction cf the fruits of Melia azadararch in 48 hours, the larvae’ s growth weight was only - 20. 36% and - 2L 27%;The 3th instar Abraxasmiranda larvae’ s food quantily is only is only 37.83% and 42. 10% of the control after they ate the leaves treated with 800mg/l extraction of Tripterygium vilfordii with alcohol or ammonia water, the growth weight was only 37. 55% and 50. 74% than the control. The 3th instar Abraxasmiranda and the 4th Spodoptera litura larvae’ s growth weight was only 22. 01% and 19. 46% of the control after they ate the leaves treated with 1600mg/l extraction of Sophora flavescens in 48 hours, it also had toxic ity on the 2th instar Abraxasmiranda and Spodoptera litura larvae, the mortality was 42.36% and 54.69% respectively in 24 hours.The AFC50 of extraction from the fruits of Melia azadarach with alcohol and Tripterygium wilfordii with alcohol or ammonia water against the 3th instar larvae of Abraxasmiranda in no-choice test were 248.53 mg/1,277. 33 mg/1 and 383. 97mg/l respectively in 48 hours. The LC50 of them were 199. 53mg/l, 116. 41mg/l and 314. 96mg/l respectively. Against the 4th instar larvae of Sopodoptera litura , the LC50 were 101.44 mg/1, 204. 80 mg/1 and 335.07 mg/1 respectively in 48 hours.Effect of the extractions from the fruits of Melia azadararch with alcohol on the feeding behavior of the fifth instar larvae of Sopodoptera litura eating treated-leaves was quavtitatively described through continual observation for lOh in the laboratory. The result showed that the temporal feeding patterns of the 5thinstar larvae which were treated with extractions from the fruits of Melia azadararch were different from those untreated. The meal length ,the net time spent eating inameal, the inter-feeding gap and the intra-feeding gap length, the boult numbers and the numbers of the types of gaps of the larvae treated with the extractions from the fruits of Melia azadararch were significantly different from those untreated. The results showed that essential oil from Artemisia argyi combined with the extraction from the fruits of Melia azadarach with alcohol in 1:9,3:7,5:5,7:3,9:1 had significant synergictic action on the 3th Abraxasmiranda instar larvaes, the cotoxicity coefficients were 125.87,171.09,227.64,114.11 respectively; They had been acted on the 4th Spodoptera litura instar larvaes , the cotoxicity coefficients were 101. 51, 239. 08, 374. 04, 325. 44, 149. 22 respectively . When the extraction from the fruits of Melia azadarach with alcohol combined with bamboo vinegar in 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, 9:1, it had significant, synerrict.ic action on the 3th Abraxasmiranda and the 4th Spodoptera litura instar larvaes,the cotoxicity coefficients were 121.49, 182.82, 231.66, 366.51, 166.82: 112.82, 285.02, 356.18,313.40,105.57 respectively. It is suggested that these different kingds of plant insecticides combination was an usful method for controlling resistant Abraxas mirand and Sodoptera litura.The Laboratory experimental results indicated that the extraction from the fruits of Melia azadararch had obvious of contact poison, ant ifeedant and growth inhibited on the experimental insects. The extraction of Tripterygium wilfordiiw\t\\ alcohol or ammonia water also had properties bioactivity to the experimental insects. The extraction of Sophora flavescenshad no obvious antifeeding on the te更多还原