从课程理念到课程实践

【作者】 乐韵；

【导师】 郑金洲；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 自2001年6月教育部颁布《基础教育课程改革纲要(试行)》以来，基础教育课程问题已然成为教育工作者关注的焦点。围绕国家关于基础教育课程改革的相关政策和指导性意见，从课程的目标、结构、内容，到课程的实施、评价、管理，人们展开了持续而广泛的探讨。随着课程改革的推进，课程理念向课程实践的转换问题逐步凸现出来，并引起课程改革者与实践者的重视。一般来说，课程理念向课程实践转换，需要经历四个环节：课程标准的制订和教材的编制——教师对文本课程的把握及对课程理念的理解——教师对教学的设计——具体的教学组织。在目前的课程改革过程中，课程理念能否顺利实现向课程实践的转换?或者说，是否存在着课程理念流失的情形?论文以上海市小学“品德与社会”课程为例，尝试对这一问题展开初步的分析。 从已有的研究来看，虽不乏对其中某个环节(如课程理解、教材分析、教学策略等)的分析，但对这一转换过程缺乏整体性或过程性的关照。论文参照有关课程理解和教材分析的研究，在构建过程性分析框架的基础上，以课程编制者的课程设计理念为起点，通过对教材的分析、对教师的调查以及对课堂教学的观察，比较详尽地分析了课程理念向课程实践的转换问题。 在课程理念向课程实践转换的过程中，确实存在着课程理念的部分流失。论文以“走进学生生活”、“培养创新意识”、“在体验中学习”这三个新课程的理念为立足点，对这些现象进行了描述与分析。论文认为，教材空间的有限性及文字描述的局限性，是课程理念流失的第一个环节，但这方面的理念流失可以通过教师对教学资源选择的能动性得以弥补；教师理解与教学组织中的理念流失，则是由于教师对教材的依赖以及对课堂教学的过多控制所致，这是教师长期形成的教学习惯，而教师尚未能突破习惯，其深层次的原因则来自于评价与管理。针对上述问题，论文围绕教师以及评价、管理等因素，为完善课程实践提出了几点建议，以期为推进课程改革提供参考。 论文共由四个部分组成： 第一部分是问题提出部分，以文献综述的形式归纳了有关新课程总体理念、课程理解和教材分析的研究成果，并提出了论文的研究目标； 第二部分是研究设计部分，介绍了论文的研究内容和研究方法，并在第一部分归纳有关理解课程和教材分析的研究成果的基础上提出了本文的分析框架； 第三部分是研究结果部分，按照设计的研究框架，对上海市小学“品德与社会”课程实践的各个环节的调查结果进行了陈述，并作了简单分析； 第四部分是分析与思考部分，首先在研究结果的基础上，就课程实践对课程理念的回应情况作了总结，然后分析了课程实践没有完全实现课程理念的原因，最后提出了完善课程实践的几点建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 In June of 2001, Ministry of Education of China published the Essentials of Curricula Reform in Basic Education (Trial Implementation) . From then on, educational researchers and teachers have focused their attention on the issues about curricula for basic education. On the basis of related policy and conducted suggestions given to the reform by the government, it has emerged a sustained and extensive discussion about the aims, structure, content, implementation evaluation and management of the curricula as well. With the deepening of the reform, some problems have appeared in the reform process of curriculum’s ideas transforming into practice, to which the reformers and teachers have attached great importance. Generally speaking, there are four steps in the process of ideas transforming into the practice: making the standards of the curricula and the textbooks; teachers’ understanding about the textbooks and the ideas of the curricula; teacher’s designs of instruction; and the real arrangements of instruction. Can the curriculum’s ideas transform into practice in the reform successfully? In other words, is there any idea running off in the process? Taking the example of the curriculum of "Morality and Society" in elementary school of Shanghai, this paper tried to give a primary analysis on the question.Although there have been some researches on a certain step, (e.g. understanding of the curricula, analysing of the textbooks, and teaching strategies) they haven’t showed any attention to the whole transformative process. Referring to some related researches on the understanding of the curricula and analysing of the textbooks, taking a start by the ideas of the designers of the curricula, this paper analyses the transformative problem of ideas into the practice through analysing the textbooks, investigating the teachers and observing the classroom instruction on the basis of giving an analysis frame for the process.It is certain that some ideas of the curricula run off in the transformative process. The paper describes and analyses this phenomenon with "entering the everyday life of students", "developing the creative spirit", "learning in experience" as its standpoints. The running-off happened first because of the limitations of the space of the textbook and the description of the words, which can be made up with teachers’ flexibility in choosing teaching resources. The second cause comes from teachers’ dependence on textbooks and too much control of the classroom teaching. In order to give some references for the reform to improve the curriculum practice, this paper gives several suggestions about teachers, evaluation and management etc.The paper is made up of four parts as follow:The first part is to put forward the issues. It display the related ideas of the curriculum, the research findings on understanding of the curricula and analysis of the textbooks in the form of literature summary. Then give the goal of this paper.The second part tells the design of this paper. It introduces content and methods of this paper. Then it gives its analysis framework on the basis of concluding the existed researching findings on understanding of the curricula and analysis of the textbooks.The third part is about the findings of the investigation. In this part, it tells the findings of the investigation on "Morality and Society" in elementary school of Shanghai and then gives a simple analysis.The fourth part is the analysis. On the basis of the findings of the investigation, it concludes the feedback of curricula practice to the curricula ideas, then analyses the reasons of ideas’ running-off, and gives several suggestions to improve the curricula practice in the end.更多还原