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美国学校体育教育计划研究

【作者】 姚淳

【导师】 王建平;

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 , 比较教育学, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 1989年,世界卫生组织(WHO)在原有健康概念的基础上提出了健康的新概念:除躯体健康、心理健康和社会适应良好之外,还包括道德健康,只有这四方面的健康才算是完全的健康。“健康第一”的思想已经逐渐成为人类社会的共识,世界各国的政府和人民开始关注健康,关心自己的生活方式和行为方式。体育与健康之间一直有着十分密切的关系,体育一直是健康概念的重要组成部分,不可或缺。 美国是重视并研究健康教育比较早的国家之一,尤其在学校教育方面,体育教育一直受到政府和教育部门的重视,成为学校课程的核心内容之一。但重视并不等于完美的现实,由于心脑血管疾病、肥胖症等疾病的逐年增加,美国人开始反思学校体育的作用和实际影响的原因,并进而分析学校体育教育存在的问题,人们发现,K-12的体育教育并不尽人意,课程设置落后、不合理,体育教师水平不高而导致体育的指导偏离科学方向,甚至许多学校的体育课时不能得到保证,学校与家庭和社区的合作太少,这些现实情况影响了美国儿童青少年身心的健康发展,他们在青少年时代没有养成定期锻炼身体的良好习惯,这将影响他们终身的体育活动,成年之后,他们仍然不喜欢运动。美国社会各阶层和各年龄阶段的人普遍习惯于久坐生活,这种生活习惯已经对他们的健康造成了不好的影响,损害着他们的肌体。 从20世纪90年代开始,美国体育和运动协会(the National Association for Sport and Physical Education,NASPE)制定了体育教育指导方针,分别对K-12三个阶段的体育教育方式进行了约束,并提出和界定了“受过体育教育的人”的概念和内涵,1995年制定了国家体育标准。以上面的指导方针和标准为依据,以综合性学校健康计划为实施背景,制定出K-12阶段的高质量的学校体育教育计划,旨在维持和增进儿童青少年的身心健康,并为终身体育活动打下坚实的基础。 本论文在搜集第一手材料的基础上以客观者的身份介绍了美国体育教育的这段重要的发展历程,运用比较的方法并以比较为目的突出了介绍的重点,前车之鉴,后世之师,以使我们在充分了解他人的基础上从中获得经验,吸取教训,作为我们继续推进素质教育和体育教育改革的资本。 全文共分四个部分: 第一部分从四个方面介绍了美国体育教育的整体发展情况及存在的问题; 第二部分介绍美国体育教育的实施,着重论述了高质量学校体育教育计划在K-12年级中的作用; 第三部分以合作学校健康计划为大背景,介绍了美国体育教师与其他学科工作人员,以及与社会工作人员的关系; 第四部分从学校和行政部门应采取的措施提出学校体育教育未来发展中应对现时的一些策略。

【Abstract】 In 1989, on the basis of other concepts, the World Health Organization (WHO) put forward the new concept of health, besides the body health, the psychological health, and the social adaption, increased the ethical health. The thought of "health first" has been realized by more and more people, governments pay more attention to the people’s health and lifestyle. There is always consanguineous relation between health and physical education, physical education is essential component of the concept of health.Health education was early developed in the U.S.A, and physical education was paid more attention in the U.S.A and became one of the core curriculums in school. However, the fact is that Americans are becoming more sedentary and more obese each year, that high blood glucose, high blood pressure, and high blood lipids occur more often than before, Americans begin to rethink how they teach physical education can help students lead healthy lives.Since ninety’s in 20th century, the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) developed the Guidelines for Physical Education which presented in three sections, representing three grade-ranges: Grade K-5, 6-8, and 9-12. Moreover, NASPE raised and defined A Physical Educated Person in 1990 and developed Content Standards in Physical Education in 1995. On the basis of the above Standards and in the background of the comprehensive school health program, quality physical education program was designed, in order to maintain and promote students’ health. Using the method of compare and considering this method as the aim, the author of this thesis collected the one-hand materials and data to introduce the most important period about the development of American physical education, to gain experience and to take lessons from the U.S.A, advancing the reform and development of Quality Education and physical education in China.There are four parts in this thesis:Part one explains the whole condition of physical education in the U.S.A.Part two describes Content Standards in Physical Education and Quality PhysicalEducation Program in K-12.Part three introduces the relationship among teacher of physical education, othersubjects, and social workers, make Comprehensive School Health Program be thecontext.Part four describes the strategies on which the schools and administrations will carryin the future.

  • 【分类号】G807
  • 【被引频次】10
  • 【下载频次】1192
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