先秦《诗》的实用性论析

【作者】 刘兰海；

【导师】 孙以昭；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 学习文学，能够在阅读先人的华章妙笔时，得之于神而会之于心，是一种境界；在此基础上，能够灵活有效地运用文学手段，使他人得之于神而会之于心，便是更高的境界了。本文正是以“文学要重实用性”的观点出发，选择先秦时代《诗》的实用性这一角度，对引诗用诗这一文学现象作一番论析。 本文共分三大部分。第一部分首先谈到先秦用诗概况，先秦用诗大致分为祭祀用诗、大射礼用诗、燕飨用诗、外交用诗、教育用诗、论说用诗、为文用诗等多种情况。《诗》产生后，先是以声为用，继之声义兼用、以义为主、有义无声。最后成为一种经典，被用作论说的论据。《诗》随着被应用而进入到先秦政治文化生活的各个领域，《诗》之为用在先秦达到高潮。本文的第二部分进行了典型用诗的比较论析。在这一部分中，选取了孔子、孟子、荀子三位最具有影响的儒家大师的用诗为例，分析了三位大师的用诗理论，即孔子是温柔敦厚的诗教观，孟子是以意逆志的用诗理论，荀子是为文而用诗，以《诗》为论据。进而比较了三者的用诗的实践，孔子主要用诗来教育学生，有时也用诗来证事评人。孟子用诗断章取义，荀子用诗多借诗为喻，引诗证事。孔子是长者用诗，正统而不失灵活；孟子是辩士用诗，自由而失之泛滥；荀子是学者用诗，规范而艺术。三者用诗相同之处就在于在用诗时都反对拘泥固守，都是根据实际情况而以适用为中心对诗加以运用。第三部分对用诗的原理进行了论析。首先谈到用诗的基础，然后选择了作诗与用诗思维方法的一致性这一点具体展开论述。分别分析了作诗方法、用诗的方法，指出两者统一的基础——历史的积淀和美的规律。又从文化哲学角度分析了用诗是“在传统内打破传统的心理惯性”的需要，提及了用诗的特异的思维方式即“比兴”逻辑亦或旁推式逻辑思维。最后指出了用诗思维的重要性及其现实影响。 总之，本文力图从文学、美学、哲学的角度对《诗》的实用性作深层次的思索，以期能从这一侧面对文学实用的方法加以理性地把握。更多还原

【Abstract】 Studying literature has two stages .The elementary stage is to learn by heart when you read the excellent articles. And the higher stage is to make others learn by hearts what you want to communicate by methods of literature expression. In this article, the author just stands at the point -literature is practical, and focuses on analyzing the phenomena of quoting or using the Poems before Qin dynasty.This article has three chapters. The first chapter is the general survey of using Poems before Qin dynasty. As long as the Poems come into being, they are put into using at lots of situations at that time, such as sacrificial rites, banquet, diplomacy, education, debating and writing. Being used widely, the Poems ultimately permeate political and cultural lives of the times. The second chapter selects Confucius, MENGZI and XUNZI as typical persons and analyze the differences and common understanding of them on using Poems. This chapter not only displays their distinguishing features, but also points out their consensus, that is, using Poems has no fixed rules, and must adapt itself to concrete circumstances. The third chapter endeavors to analyze the principle of using Poems and finds out the identical point of writing Poems and using Poems, that is, they both depend on accumulation of history and aesthetic orderliness. This chapter tries to answer two questions. One is WHY -why the Poems are used and the other is How-how to use Poems freely. Finally this chapter expounds and propagates the realistic meaning of the thinking method of using Poems.In brief, the author makes deep thinking about using Poems through literature, aesthetics, philosophy, and grasp the essence of practical literature rationally from this aspect.更多还原