【作者】 邹向菲；

【导师】 施祖华；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 农业昆虫与害虫防治， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以桔皮为研究材料，以十字花科蔬菜的几种主要害虫：斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、菜粉蝶、桃蚜为研究对象，就桔皮乙醇提取物对上述几种害虫的生物活性和作用方式进行了系统的研究。主要结果如下： 室内测定了温州蜜桔桔皮乙醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫的生物活性。结果表明斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食桔皮提取物后食物消耗量、体重增加量减少，幼虫死亡率增加。提取物浓度越高，这些作用效果越明显。在相同浓度下，甜菜夜蛾幼虫的死亡率比斜纹夜蛾的高；甜菜夜蛾的生长抑制中浓度和非选择性拒食中浓度均比斜纹夜蛾的低；但在选择性试验中，甜菜夜蛾的拒食中浓度则比斜纹夜蛾的高。这些结果表明桔皮提取物对甜菜夜蛾幼虫的活性总体上比对斜纹夜蛾的更好。 测定了桔皮乙醇提取物对菜粉蝶的生物活性。结果表明，桔皮提取物对菜粉蝶具有很强的生物活性，作用方式包括产卵忌避、拒食和毒杀作用、杀卵作用及对幼虫的生长抑制作用。产卵忌避试验中，24h后500 g·L^-1处理选择性和非选择性忌避率均高达95％以上，忌避中浓度分别为49.77 g·L^-1和79.23 g·L^-1。杀卵试验中，桔皮提取物能显著减少卵的孵化率和初孵幼虫的存活率，对菜粉蝶卵的触杀毒力方程为y=1.1342x+2.1783，r=0.9685，LC₅₀为307.30 g·L^-1。卵龄对提取物的活性有一定的影响，卵龄越大卵死亡率越低，但统计上死亡率在各日龄之间无显著差异。拒食试验中，24h、48h内500 g·L^-1处理下的选择性和非选择性拒食率均达到90％以上，活性的大小随浓度的降低而减小，选择性和非选择性拒食中浓度(AFC₅₀)处理24h后分别为46.85 g·L^-1和70.43 g·L^-1；48h后分别为21.07 g·L^-1和72.70 g·L^-1，选择性比非选择性拒食活性更强。桔皮提取物对菜粉蝶2龄幼虫表现出较强的胃毒作用，规律与拒食作用相同，500 g·L^-1处理下第3d的死亡率即达92.73％，是对照的4.64倍；第3d、5d的LC₅₀分别为90.91 g·L^-1和58.70 g·L^-1。 研究了桔皮乙醇提取物对桃蚜的生物活性。结果表明，桔皮提取物对桃蚜种群有较强的控制作用，主要表现在对2龄若蚜具有很强的触杀、拒避活性；对成蚜有一定的拒产仔作用；此外还可降低成蚜寿命。作用的大小与浓度成正比。用CLL模型分析表明，触杀活性的大小具有很强的剂量效应和时间效应，累计死亡率在22％～98％之间，因剂量、时间而异。对2龄若蚜12h、24h、48h的拒避中浓度(AFC₅₀)分别为浙江大学硕士学位毕业论文124.999·L‘’、260.519·L”、157.629·L.’。桃蚜在经过处理的叶片上或植株上取食后，成蚜的寿命缩短，产仔量下降，种群数量受到抑制。5009·L一’浓度处理下，成蚜产卵量为对照的52.45%，寿命为对照的70.86%，种群繁殖抑制率可达58.02%。 研究表明，桔皮提取物对斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、菜粉蝶、桃蚜均表现出一定的生物活性。综合活性的大小，对菜粉蝶活性最强、桃蚜次之，对斜纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的活性最弱。其生物活性存在明显的选择性，昆虫的种类、浓度的高低和处理时l’l一lJ的长短是影响活性的主要因子。 本文首次通过桔皮提取物对十字花科蔬菜几种重要害虫的生物活性的研究，明确了桔皮提取物对不同种蔬菜害虫的活性大小、作用方式和部分作用机理。不仅为相·桔综合利用及无公害植物性杀虫剂的开发提供科学依据，同时把植物性杀虫剂的研究开发思路从生态环境中的植物和植物产品中拓展到从植物产品加工的剩余废物中提取控制作物害虫的活性物质上，丰富了我国植物保护的理论和技术。更多还原

【Abstract】 The activities of peel ethanol extracts from Citrus unshiu on the major cruciferous insect pests, Spodoptera litura Fab., Spodoptera exigua Hubner, Pieris rapae L. and Myzus persicae Sulzer were preliminary investigated in laboratory. The results are summarized as follows:1. Activities of orange peel extracts against the 2nd larvae of 5. litura and S. exigua were tested by measuring antifeedant index, their body weight gains and larval mortality after the larvae fed on the extracts coated on cabbage leaves. The results indicated that the cabbage leaf consumptions and body weight gains were both reduced, and the larval mortality was increased when the larvae fed on the leaves coated with the extracts. The higher the concentration, the more obviously the effect on the pests was. The larval mortality of S. exigua was higher than that of S. litura at the same extract concentration. Both the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the median antifeedant concentration (AFC50) in the non-choice test for S.exigua were lower than those for S. litura. However, the AFC50 in the choice test was higher for S. exigua than for S. litura. These results in generally suggested that the bioactivities of peel ethanol extracts from C. uushiu against S. exigua is better than against S. litura.2. The peels extracts from C. unshiu had obvious oviposition deterrent, ovicidal, antifeedent, stomach toxic and growth inhibition activity on P. rapae larvae. The median concentration of oviposition deterrent at 24h were 49.77 g.L-1 and 79.23 g.L-1 in the choice and non-choice tests, respectively, with a high rate of > 95% at extract concentration of 500 g.L-1. By dipping the eggs directly into the extracts, we found that the extrats could effectively reduce the percentage of eggs hatched and the survival rate of newly-hatched larvae. Regression equations and IC50 of log concentration-dependent ovicidal probit of the orange peel extracts against the eggs were y=1.1342x+2.1783 (r=0.9685) and LC50=307.30 g.L-1. The mortality increased with increase of the extracts concentration and decreased with age of eggs at dip. However, no differences in mortality between ages of eggs had been found. In the antifeedent experiment with 2nd instar larvae, antifeedent efficiencies ofextract at 500 g.L-1 were all above 90% at 24h and 48h after feeding respectively. For the 2nd instar larvae, AFC50 of the extracts were 46.85 g.L-1 and 70.43 g.L-1 at 24h, and 21.07 g.L-1 and 72.70 g.L-1 at 48h after feeding in choice and non-choice tests. In the stomach toxicity test, over 90% 2nd larvae were killed 3d after treatment at concentration of 500 g.L-1, it was 4.64 times higher than at the control. LC50 of the extract as stomach poison were 91.31 g.L-1 and 58.70 g.L-1 at 3d and 5d after treatment, suggesting that the extracts possessed high effection against the P. rapae larvae in 2nd instar.3. The bioassays of orange peel extracts against the M. persicae in laboratory were carried out, the extracts had a powerful contact toxicity and antifeedent activity on aphis. In contact toxicity test, a time-dose-mortality model was used for analyzing the variation of mortality as affected by both time and dosage. The results showed that the higher the concentration of extracts applied on aphis, the higher mortality was, and the shorter the median lethal time was. The extracts had strong antifeedant activity to 2nd instar nymph, inhibition of feeding reached 93.62% at concentration of 500 g.L-1 after 12h. It would decreased with time and dosage. The medium antifeeding concentration (AFC50) were 124.99g.L-1, 160.81 g.L-1 and 157.62 g.L-1 at 12h, 24h and 48h after treatment, respectively. Life span of adult was shortened and fertility dropped when they were reared on the extract treated leaves. At concentration 500 g.L-1, the fertility was only 52.45% and the life span was only 70.86% of that in the control. Aphid population was inhibited when reared on the treated cabbages also, rates of inhibition offspring varied from 19.43% to 58.02% depended on concentratio更多还原