【作者】 刘启东；

【导师】 陈玉成； 王正银；

【作者基本信息】 西南农业大学 ， 环境工程， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 叶类蔬菜是一类以收获鲜嫩茎叶为主的蔬菜，其硝酸盐含量较高，极易富集重金属，对人类健康构成潜在威胁。因此研究叶类蔬菜硝酸盐和重金属积累规律及其控制途径具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文通过田间试验和室内化学分析相结合的方法研究了平衡施肥对瓢儿白、莴笋、生菜和芹菜4等种重庆地区常见叶菜的生物量、营养品质、硝酸盐和重金属的影响，以期筛选出综合品质最好的肥料组合从而为无公害蔬菜生产的过程管理提供相关的理论和技术。研究结果表明： 不同肥料组合处理均能提高4种叶菜的生物量和产量，处理间产量达到5％和1％的显著水平，其中加施双氰胺的处理（H_K+C₂）和对照相比均达到1％显著水平，肥料组合处理对叶菜产量的影响存在着显著和极显著的差异；加施硝酸盐复合剂3个处理生物量相对较大，H_K+C₂处理瓢儿白生物量3次增加幅度分别为23％，30％和47％，增产效果较好，瓢儿白产量增加了18.1％，为所有处理中最大；H_K+C₂处理收获时莴笋生物量和产量的增加值分别为31％和12.3％，均为所有处理中最大；加施双氰胺处理生菜的生物量在后2次中均为最大，增加量分别为：85％、52％，产量增加了56.7％，为所有处理中最大；H_K+C₂处理3次生物量的增加值分别为：70％、67％和12％，均为所有处理中最大，而其产量的增加值为2.2％，在所有处理中较大。 4种叶菜（瓢儿白除外）的各肥料组合处理3个不同时期均能降低其硝酸盐的含量，加施硝酸盐复合剂的3个处理降低作用较为突出，其中加施双氰胺处理对瓢儿白、生菜、芹菜的硝酸盐降低效果最好，收获时的降低量分别为9.7％、65.4％、22.4％；加施植物材料P₇处理（H_K+C₃）收获时的莴笋硝酸盐降低量分别为37.0％，降低效果最好，其次是H_K+C₂处理，降低量为32.2％；瓢儿白对照累积量小于其它处理，莴笋、生菜和芹菜中，加旆硝酸盐复合剂3个处理的累积量均小于对照，H_K+C₂处理生菜硝酸盐累积量最小，仅为对照的49.2％。在所有处理中，瓢儿白和芹菜的硝酸盐含量始终是先降低后升高，生菜的硝酸盐始终是降低，而莴笋或始终上升或先下降后上升。4种叶菜中，瓢儿白和芹菜硝酸盐含量较大，而莴笋和生菜较小。 与对照相比，除了生菜和芹菜的个别重金属外，不同肥料组合处理4种叶菜的5种重金属含量均有所增加；只加施微量元素的处理（H_K+C₁）和H_K+C₃处理的Hg含量一般较大，而高磷处理（H_P）和H_K+C₃处理的其它4种重金属含量均较大，且Hp＞H_K4+C₃；本研究中过磷酸钙施用量与某些重金属（Cd、Pb）含量有显著或极显著相关性；在瓢儿白、莴笋和生菜中，P与Cd的相关系数分别为r₁=0.970¨，r₂=0.967¨和r₃=0.934¨，均达到极显著，P与Pb的相关系数分别为r₄=0.876^．，r₅=0.922¨和r₆=0.845^．，达到显著或极显著，表明过磷酸钙促进Cd、Pb的有效性；氯化钾的施用量与重金属的含量正相关性均不显著，表明氯化钾对重金属的影响不明显；部分重金属，尤其是Pb与Cr之间也存在着显著相关性，但有的重金属之间也存西南农业大学硕士学位论义中文摘要里旦组......目.口.口口互主负相关，Hg与过磷酸钙、氯化钾以及其它重金属的相关性均不显著，’表明Hg受它们的影响很小。各肥料组合处理中，瓢儿白Hg、Cd含量最大，对Hg、Cd富集能力最强;葛笋重金属含量一般处于中等水平，对各种重金属富集能力中等:生菜Hg含量最小，富集能力较弱;芹菜Cr、As和Pb3种重金属含量最高，Cd含量一般较小。 飘儿白加施双氰胺处理收获时的维生素C含量最高，比对照增加了47%倍:可溶性糖的增加效果最好的是HP处理;HK十C:处理收获时氨基酸的含量最高，比对照提高了15.6%。葛笋收获时维生素C含量最高的是高钾（HK）处理，其含量是对照的105%;所有肥料组合处理收获时的可溶性糖均低于对照;HK+C:处理氨基酸含量最高，是对照的150%。生菜各处理收获时维生素C含量均低于对照;加施双氰胺处理3次可溶性糖和氨基酸含量均最高，分别是对照的167%和104%。芹菜收获时维生素C和可溶性糖含量最大的均是HK处理;所有处理收获时氨基酸含量均小于对照。 应用质量指数法对叶菜的硝酸盐和重金属以及生物量、营养品质、硝酸盐和重金属分别进行评价，发现所有叶菜的硝酸盐和重金属的综合指数最小的是加施双氰胺处理，其卫生品质最好;叶菜所有组合中HP处理综合指数较大，综合品质较差:加施双氰胺处理综合指数较小，综合品质较好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Leaf vegetable was a kind of vegetable reaping fresh and tender stems and leaves. It had higher nitrate and easily accumulated heavy metals, which did harm to health of human being. So it was important to research law of nitrate and heavy metals in leaf vegetable. It was researched about effect of balanced fertilization on biomass, nutrition qulity, nitrate and heavy metals in pak-choi, lettuce, romaine lettuce and celery universal in Chongqing erea by the field experiment and chemical analysis inside and expected to screen out the fertilizer combination with the best synthetic qulity in order to offering the correlative theory and technology for the process management of vegetable production.The biomass and yield of four kinds of leaf vegetables increased in all fertilizer combination treatments. The yield among treatments amounted to 5 % and 1 % prominent level, which showed that effect of fertilizer combinations on yield of leaf vegetable was remarkably different. The yield in the treatment added DCD to (HK+C2) all arrived at 1 % prominent level compared with that in CK among all fertilizer combination treatments. The biomass of three treatments using nitrate compound-dose was comparatively higher. The pak-choi biomass in HK+C2 treatment separately increased by 23 %, 30 % and 47 % at three stages and was best, and yield in HK+C2 treatment by 18.1%, the highest treatment of all alike. The lettuce biomass of HK+C2 treatment increased by 31 % and yield by 12.3 % in harvest time and was highest in all treatments. The romaine lettuce biomass was highest at late two stages and the increase respectively were 85 % and 52 % and its yield increased by 56.7 % and the highest in all treatments. The celery biomass increase in HK+C2 treatment separately was 70 %, 67 % and 12 % and the highest all in three times, the yield increase was 2.2 % and the higher in all treatments.The nitrate content reduced in all fertilizer combination treatments in four kinds of leaf vegetable (except pak-choi) without exception at three different stages. The reduced effect in three treatments using nitrate compound-dose was more outstanding and that in HK+C2 treatment better for pak-choi, romaine lettuce, celery and reduced by 9.7 %, 65.4 % and 22.4 % in harvest time. The nitrate content in the treatment added P7 to (HK+C3) reduced by 37.0 % and better for lettuce, and that in HK+C2 treatment was 32.2 % and second. The reduce in CK was lower than that in other treatments in pak-choi and that in using nitrate compound-dose lower than that in CK for romaine lettuce, celery and lettuce and the nitrate accumulation in HK+C2 treatment in romaine lettuce was 49.2% of CK and the lowest. The nitrate content in pak-choi and celery first descended and then rised, and romaine lettuce descended all along, and lettuce either descended or rised. The nitrate content in pak-choi and celery was higher and lower than in lettuce and romaine lettuce.Heavy metals content in all treatments in four kinds of leaf vegetable ascended without exception (except Hg in HK+C1 in romaine lettuce and As in HK and As in HK in celery). Hg content in the treatment added mini-elements to (HK+C1) and HK+C3 commonly was higher and the other four kinds of heavy metals content in HP and HK+C3 treatments higher and HP>HK+C3.Superphosphatehave positive relativity or terribly positive relativity to the content of some heavy metal(Cd, Pb) in the research. The correlative coefficients between superphosphate and Cd respectively was r1 =0.970,r2=0.967 ’ and r3=0.934 and amounted to terribly positive relativity and between superphosphate and Pb r4=0.876 ’ ,r5=0.922 ’’,r6=0.845 and positive relativity or terribly positive relativity which indicated that superphosphate remarkably promoted heavy metals validity.The relativity between the sum of potassium chloride and the content of all heavy metals commonly was not remarkable. Some of heavy metals also have relativity each other. Hg content was highest in lettuce and lowest, in romaine lettuce.Pak-choi contained the highest更多还原