生态移民的自愿与非自愿性研究——内蒙古阿拉善盟孪井滩调查

【作者】 胡华征；

【导师】 包智明；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 社会学， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 草原荒漠化日益严重的现状引发了自然科学和社会科学同时对这种自然变化现象的关注。作为社会学分支学科的环境社会学从人类与生态环境的关系以及涉及生态环境的人与人的关系角度，对草原荒漠化的原因、状况、对策进行分析和探讨。作为荒漠化治理对策之一的生态移民，自然地被纳入到环境社会学的研究范畴之中。 生态移民作为一项对策，被广泛地运用于我国西部地区的生态保护与建设当中。但是，其生态效果和社会效果如何，取得了哪些经验，存在哪些风险和不足，如何防范这些风险，应该吸取哪些教训，这些问题都需要以科学的态度进行解答。目前，对生态移民的研究主要集中在分析其原因、状况、效果、问题和解决方法等方面。与以往的研究不同，本文将以生态移民的性质为着眼点，以内蒙古自治区阿拉善盟孪井滩生态移民为例，从环境社会学的视角，对生态移民的自愿与非自愿性及其相关问题进行探讨。 本文共分五章： 第一章作为导论部分，介绍本文研究的缘起、主题以及相关研究成果和研究方法。研究缘起涉及环境社会学与生态移民的关系、生态移民的效果、实际调查中发现的生态移民问题等三个方面。相关研究成果包括对生态移民的研究、自愿移民的“推——拉理论”以及非自愿移民的经验性总结。问卷调查和深入访谈是本研究收集资料的主要方法。 第二章论述本文的理论框架。以迁移力量为标准的自愿——非自愿移民框架是本文分析生态移民的出发点。在这一部分，讨论生态移民兼具的自愿与非自愿双重性质。这种在理论上探讨的意义在于它的实际应用性，即在实施生态移民的过程中可以将生态移民的自愿与非自愿性相结合。 第三章主要介绍本文的地域背景和生态背景。在自然和人为因素双重作用下，阿拉善盟本来十分脆弱的生态环境遭到严重破坏，并正在急剧恶化。因此，阿拉善盟进行生态治理有很强的必要性和紧迫性。其生态移民也具有典型特征。 第四章是本文论述的主体部分。这部分对孪井滩生态移民搬迁户的类型、迁移、生活和生产等方面进行论述。孪井滩生存生态移民和工程生态移民由于性质上的不同，在迁移和安置中表现出了差异性。此外，孪井滩生态移民的推—拉因素、稳定—外迁因素也是本章分析和论述的主要内容。 第五章是本文的总结和思考部分。总结部分提出在实施生态移民过程中，将其自愿与非自愿性相结合，使自愿生态移民与非自愿生态移民的优势互为补充，实现生态移民中迁移、安置和生态恢复、保护与建设的可持续性。思考部分由费孝通的“文化自觉”思想引申出“环境自觉”的观点。本文认为，只有建立在“环境自觉”基础上的生态移民才能够达到生态与安置双赢的效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 The phenomenon of prairie desertification which is becoming increasingly serious today causes attention from both natural and social science. As a branch of social science, environmental sociology analyzes and discusses reasons, situation and countermeasures to prairie desertification from the angle of relationship between human beings and ecological environment and relationship among human beings involving ecological environment. As one of the countermeasures for harnessing desertification, eco-migration is naturally included into the study scope of environmental sociology.Eco-migration is widely adopted and carried out in ecological protection and construction in the western China. How about its ecological and social effect? What experiences have been gained? What risks and disadvantages exist? How to prevent these risks? What lessons should we gain? These questions need to be answered with a scientific attitude. At present, study on eco-migration mainly focuses on analyzing such aspects as its reasons, situation, effect, problems and solving methods. Being different from former studies, this thesis pays attention to the character of eco-migration, and takes the Luanjingtan eco-migration in the Alashan League, Inner Mongol Autonomous Region as an example to discuss voluntary and involuntary migration and relevant problems from the angle of environmental sociology.This thesis contains five chapters:The first chapter is the introduction. It introduces the origin and theme of this study, relevant study achievements and methods. The origin of this study involves three aspects: the relation between environmental sociology and eco-migration, effect of eco-migration and eco-migration problems discovered in practical investigation. Relevant achievements include eco-migration study, "push-pull theory" in voluntary migration and empirical summary to involuntary migration. Questionnaire survey and depth interview are main methods for collecting materials.The second chapter is the theoretical frame for expounding the thesis. The voluntary-involuntary migrating frame which is judged bymigration force is the starting point for analyzing eco-migration. This chapter discusses the voluntary and involuntary dual character of eco-migration. The significance of the theory discussion is in its practical appliance, that is: in the process of eco-migration, voluntary and involuntary migration can be combined.The third chapter mainly introduces the geographical and ecological background of the thesis. Under the double effect of nature and human beings, the ecological environment of Alashan League, which was very weak before, has been seriously destroyed, and is getting worse rapidly. So it’s very necessary and urgent to deal with the environment of Alashan League. And its eco-migration has typical characteristics.The forth chapter is the main part of this thesis. This chapter expounds types, migration, life and production of the eco-migrating households in Luanjingtan. Because the characters of subsistence eco-migration and project eco-migration are different, diversity appears in migrating and setting up of households. Besides, the factor of push-pull and stable-emigrating in the Luanjingtan eco-migration is also the main content analyzed and expounded in the thesis.The fifth chapter is the summary and thought of this thesis. The summary points out that during the process of eco-migration, we should combine the voluntary and involuntary migration to complement each other’s advantages, and realize the sustainability of migrating, setting up of households, ecological recovery, protecting and constructing in eco-migration. The thought part extends the idea of "environmental self-conscious" from Mr. Fei Xiaotong’s "cultural self-conscious". This thesis holds the idea that only the eco-migration, which is constructed on the basis of "environmental self-conscious", could achieve the effect of bilateral profiting.更多还原