【作者】 张丽；

【导师】 张驰；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法学院 ， 法律， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 新闻自由,是我国宪法规定的公民的言论、出版自由在新闻活动中的体现,它作为言论自由的重要组成部分,已被大多数国家的法律所确认。在现代社会,随着民主政治的发展,对新闻自由所发挥的舆论监督作用也愈加强调,由此而来对新闻自由多采取倾斜性的保护政策,如取消了新闻的事前审查等;并且,随着现代科学技术的发展,大众传播手段日益先进,其社会的影响也更为深刻。在此情况下,新闻媒体对公民的名誉权、隐私权等人格权的侵害也变得更加容易,侵权所造成的结果也更为严重。然而,民主政治的发展同时也带来公民权利意识的觉醒,在我国,即使是隐私权这样的“泊来品”也逐渐被普通公民所接纳和重视。这样一来,媒体行使新闻自由权和公民隐私保护的冲突就日渐明显。面对这样的冲突,矛盾的焦点在于如何配置有关权利或界定权利的界限。大多数学者从国外的经验和我国民主监督机制不够健全角度考虑,倾向对新闻自由实行优先保护。本文试图从其他角度分析,认为对公民隐私权的倾斜保护更加必要。但是,并不是说在所有情况下,对所有人的隐私都要优先保护。新闻自由与隐私权的冲突在实践中的表现纷繁复杂、不一而同,没有一个标准能“放之四海而皆准”,所以,具体问题具体分析在这里显得尤为重要,根据不同情况对新闻自由与隐私权<WP=4>的冲突进行平衡也是本文的研究重点。本文内容具体安排如下:第一部分对新闻自由与隐私权的价值作以比较。从分析言论自由、新闻自由和隐私权的概念及意义入手,总结二者是同样重要的不可或缺的价值。接下来由现实中几个新闻侵害隐私权案例,引出本文的中心议题----新闻自由和隐私权冲突,并分析产生冲突的原因。最后从几个方面进行分析,得出结论:同强大的新闻传媒相比,公民的隐私权更弱,更需要保护。第二部分主要分析了新闻侵害隐私权的在现实生活中的常见形态或样式。包括在新闻采集中侵害隐私权的情形,以及新闻报道中对他人隐私的不当使用所带来的新闻侵害隐私权的情形。由于其中的侵权行为特征比较明显,所以较为容易把握。第三部分试图从各个不同的角度来揭示在具体情况下对新闻自由和隐私权冲突的平衡机制。这些切入的角度包括新闻报道的不同对象、新闻采集的不同场合、获取新闻的不同途径以及新闻的不同体裁和发行方式。在这里,公共利益原则这样一个适用于众多法域的原则再次被提出和强调,并且在同其他标准的对比中成为平衡新闻自由与隐私权的最终调节器。最后一部分对我国相关立法和司法进行了评析和建议。这一部分主要针对民事立法的不足进行了分析,尤其论述了立法当中对隐私权和名誉权的混淆给司法实践带来的弊端。在此基础之上,提出了完善我国相关立法的建议,包括完善民法中隐私权的内容,还对未来将要制定的《新闻传播法》的相关内容进行立法规划。特别强调的是,在司法实践中,新闻自由和隐私权的冲突主要还需依靠法官的自由裁量权加以解决,这对于司法人员也提出更高的要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 The freedom of the press is the embodiment of the freedom of speech and the freedom of publication in the constitution. As an essential part of the freedom of speech, it has been confirmed in the most countries’ laws and regulations. In the modern democratic society, we put more emphasis on the supervision by public opinion. As a result, a sloping protective policy is adopted in the freedom of press. For example, censorship in advance has been cancelled. Moreover, with the development of modern technology, the mass media means is advanced day by day and it has a deeper influence on our society. Therefore, it turns easier for the mass media to invade the right of reputation and the right of the privacy, etc. At the same time, the development of democratic politics also brings the awakening of the consciousness of citizen’s right. In our country, even if the conception of the right of privacy, which was totally brought from the Western countries, has been accepted by ordinary people. Accordingly, the conflict between the freedom of press and the right of the privacy becomes more serious.Facing such a conflict, the focus lies in how to dispose relevant rights and how to demarcate the rights. Considering from the experiences of other countries and imperfection of supervision mechanism in our country, most scholars incline to having priority to protect the freedom of the press. However, it doesn’t mean to protect all of the privacy of everybody in any case. In practice, the conflict between the freedom of the press and the right of privacy varies and there is no a standard that can be used in any case. Therefore, it is particularly important to make an analysis according to different situations. It is also a research focus of this thesis on the balance with the conflict of the right of privacy and the freedom of the press. The content of this thesis is arranged as follows:The first chapter is the comparison of the value between the freedom of the press and <WP=6>the right of the privacy. From the conception and the meaning, it seems that both of them are equally important indispensable value. Then, several cases are enumerated and the central topic of this thesis is drew----the conflicts with the freedom of the press and the right of privacy. Then, the author expounds the reason that causes the problems. Observing the reasons from various fields, it concludes that comparing to the powerful mass media, the right of privacy need more protection.The second chapter is mainly about the common representations in the invasion of the press to the right of the privacy. It concludes the violation in the process of news collection and news report. Because the tort characteristic among them is relatively obvious, they can be distinguished easily.The third chapter attempts to tell the balance mechanism in the confliction between the freedom of the press and the right of privacy according to different situations in practice. These situations conclude different people, different occasions, different gathering ways and issuing ways. Here, such a principle that is suitable for the numerous legal fields of public interests is proposed and emphasized again. And with the comparison to the other principles, it becomes a final adjuster to the balance of the freedom of the press and the right of privacy.The last chapter gives some evaluation and proposition to the relevant legislations and jurisdiction in our country. This part mainly aims at the shortages in the civil laws, especially described the drawbacks in judicial practice which are caused by the confusion of the right of privacy and the right of the reputation. Moreover, the author gives some suggestion on the relevant legislation in our country, including how to perfect the content of the right of privacy and some advice about the oncoming “public media law”. Especially, what emphasizes is, the jurisdiction of the judges is needed in most cases during the judicial practice. This also brings higher request to the judicial staff.更多还原