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外资银行市场准入监管法律问题研究

【作者】 官万敏

【导师】 陈素玉;

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 , 经济法学, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 金融一体化和自由化是一把“双刃剑”:它在促进全球金融业创新与发展的同时也诱发了金融危机在全球范围内产生的可能,并且这种跨国性的金融危机具有强烈的破坏性。二十世纪九十年代国际金融领域发生了影响范围广、程度深的三次大的金融危机(欧洲货币危机、墨西哥金融危机和亚洲金融危机)正是金融一体化和自由化带给我们的惨痛教训。在金融一体化和自由化进程中,外资银行扮演了极为重要的角色。基于其跨国性的特点,外资银行使金融危机在不同国家和地区之间的传播变为更为迅速。因此,加强对外资银行的监管已经被提上各国政府的议事日程。2001年12月11日,我国正式加入WTO。根据入世承诺,到2006年,除市场准入阶段可以保留必要的限制性措施外,我国必须在承诺开放的金融市场给予外资银行以国民待遇。事实上,现在中资银行已经深切地感受到外资准入带来的巨大冲击——据银监会资料显示,截至2003年10月末,共有19个国家和地区的62家外资银行在华设立了191家营业性机构,另外我国还设有211家代表处;外资银行在华增长迅速,2003年10月份在华外资银行的资产总额是2002年同期的122.74%;外资银行占外汇贷款市场比率较大,共占全国外汇贷款13%的市场份额。面对外资银行的强烈冲击,我们应当采取适当的监管措施,保护国内金融产业、化解金融危机、维护金融体系的稳健与安全。其中对外资银行的市场准入监管就是防范金融危机的“第一道防线”。从论文的内容来看,本文在对外资银行市场准入监管基本理论分析的基础上,对外资银行准入的待遇标准、监管措施加以评述,并针对我国外资银行准入的现状提出了相应的完善措施。全文由导言、正文及结语组成,各部分主要内容如下:导言部分首先介绍了论文的研究背景,即金融一体化与金融自由化浪潮具有诱发跨国金融危机的负面效应,而我国的银行业开放促使<WP=4>我们必须应对外资银行准入引发的金融风险。基于跨国性的特点,外资银行更利于银行风险的跨国传递。赫斯塔特银行倒闭、国际商业信贷银行危机、巴林银行危机等震惊国际金融界的事件为国际银行业安全敲响了警钟,对外资银行监管势在必行。随后,本文对研究对象作出了界定:一方面强调需将外资银行的概念作广义性的理解,因为只有这样,才能避免部分从事跨国境业务的银行逃脱监管;另一方面说明了论文只截取监管中的准入监管加以研究。论文的第一章为市场准入监管基本理论。首先从经济学和法学理论出发,探讨了对外资银行施以准入监管的理论基础,指出监管的经济学理论基础在于“市场失灵”需要“政府管制”;法学理论基础在于国家经济主权。其次,论文阐释了外资银行准入监管的目标,认为“维护金融体系的安全与稳定;保护存款人、投资者和其他社会公众的利益;促进金融体系公平、有效竞争,提高金融体系的效率”应为监管的目标体系,并指出“在上述多个目标并存时,必然出现目标的侧重选择问题。事实上,各种目标在一国不同的经济发展时期可以有不同的侧重。”最后,论文分析了准入监管的原则,并将其分为“公理性原则和政策性原则”两个层次。其中公理性原则包括了“合法性、合理性、效益性和适度性”原则;政策性原则包括了“保护主义、国民待遇、对等互惠”,指出各国往往根据国内经济状况和金融业发展水平来制定相应的监管政策原则,并随着客观经济状况的改变及时调整,而并非坚守某种原则。论文的第二章评述了外资银行市场准入待遇标准。该部分首先以比较研究的方法,对美国、欧盟及部分发展中国家的准入待遇标准加以介评,得出发达国家和发展中国家基于各自经济实力的差异性而采取了不同的准入待遇标准,其中后者更倾向于保护主义和单方互惠。其次,本文对WTO金融服务贸易法律体制下的准入待遇标准进行了评价,认为该体制下的各项待遇标准都不是绝对性的,基于“发展中国家更多参与”和“逐步自由化”两大原则,该体制并未在准入阶段强制实施国民待遇原则,相反,WTO还允许各成员国可以设定一定的准入限制措施,这使得各成员方拥有三种具体途径可以实现市场准入阶<WP=5>段的管制。因此,本文建议那些国内金融业发展滞后的发展中国家根据本国的具体国情灵活采取适当的准入标准,以维护国内金融市场的安全、稳定。论文的第三章解析了准入监管具体措施。该部分以比较研究的方法,结合各国准入监管的经验,从组织形式、开业条件、准入范围三方面探讨了外资银行市场准入监管的具体措施。本文认为,外资银行准入的组织形式包括了分行、子行、合资银行和代表处;对外资银行开业条件的限制可主要从最低资本金、股权比例、母国的监管情况、合格管理人员及存款保险制度这五个方面展开;准入范围限制包括了业务范围限制和地域范围限制。论文的第四章是对我国外资银行市场准入监管的完善部分。该部分首先介绍了我国外资银行准入及监管的历程,并分析了我国对外资银行监管的法律框架。其次,对准入监管过程中的不足部分提出了完善建议。其中,具体的完善措施可以说是对之前研究成果的一个回应,包括了:明确准入监管的立法目标和政策原则——本文认为现阶段应当以金融安全为第一位的监管立法目

【Abstract】 The trend of International Financial Integration and Deregulation continuously has two sides, promoting development of economy and causing finance crisis globally. For having the transnational characteristics, foreign bank makes it easy to spread the finance risk between different countries and regions. In a lot of supervision measures, market access is the most important means to resist finance crisis. Therefore every country begins to strengthen market access supervision directly against foreign bank.On the basis of the study on the basic theories about market access supervision, the thesis makes an international comparison on regulative policies, treatment standard and measures to the market access supervision. Finally, the thesis puts forward some suggestions about market access supervision to our country.This thesis is made up of Introduction, Main Body and Conclusion.The Introduction has two parts which introduce respectively research background and research object.The Main Body has four chapters:Chapter One: The Basic Theories about Market Access Supervision. This chapter can be divided into 3 parts. Firstly, the author introduces the foundation of market access supervision according to economy and law theories. Secondly, the thesis analyses the four targets of market access supervision. Finally, the author describes the principle of supervision, and regards the principle as two parts: the generally acknowledged truth principle and the policy principle.Chapter Two: The Treatment Standard of Market Access. Firstly, the author applies the method of comparative study to introduce the different standards between developed countries and developing countries. Secondly, the thesis analyses the treatment standard of WTO in the field of finance and services and draws the conclusion that none of the treatment standard of WTO is absolute. In fact, the National <WP=8>Treatment has not been asked for during the process of market access arbitrarily. On the contrary, GATS allows every member stases to use some restraint measures at the stage of market access.Chapter Three: The Concrete Measures of Market Access Supervision. The ways of market access supervision can be divided into three parts: Organizational Form, Open Condition, Access Range. In this part, the author adopts an international comparison method and introduces some countries’ supervision measures.Chapter Four: The Perfection of Our Legal System.The author gives some suggestions about market access supervision under the background of China’s domestic conditions. Firstly, the thesis suggests regarding safety as the first target of supervision legislation and “Limited Protectionism & Rational Reciprocity and Mutually Beneficial” as the treatment standard. Secondly, the author proposes confirming the treatment standard of market access as “Limited Protectionism Mainly & Rational Reciprocity and Mutually Beneficial ”. Finally, according to the insufficient of China’ market access supervision measures, the thesis gives some perfection suggestions(urging the joint-capital banks into China,canceling the favor on lowest capital, strengthening the cooperation with the Home Country Government, perfecting the demand of administrator, perfecting the content of “Discretion Condition”, and requesting foreign bank to join the System of Deposit Insurance).In the Conclusion, the author believes that although foreign bank entry will bring about great impact on our financial system, with effective and rational market access supervision, China can win the challenge.

【关键词】 外资银行市场准入监管待遇标准
【Key words】 Foreign BankMarket AccessSupervisionTreatment Standard
  • 【分类号】D912.28
  • 【被引频次】6
  • 【下载频次】370
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