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政府采购供应商权利保障机制研究

【作者】 陈瑞琴

【导师】 姜玉梅;

【作者基本信息】 西南财经大学 , 经济法, 2004, 硕士

【摘要】 本文分为两大部分。第一章为第一部分,阐述“为什么”的问题,即从理论与实际两方面说明政府采购供应商权利保障的必要性和重要性。在第一章第一节,通过对我国《政府采购法》颁布之前及颁布之后发生的案例进行分析,阐明政府采购供应商权利保障在我国的现实迫切需要。我国政府采购在无法可依条件下存在诸多不规范行为,《中华人民共和国政府采购法》的颁布和实施标志着我国政府采购活动将全面步入法制化、规范化、科学化的轨道,但限于自身缺陷,也由于缺乏与之配套的实施细则类法规,现实存在的一切问题并未随其颁布迎刃而解,现实中,严重侵害供应商合法权利的行为仍在一些领域我行我素。同时,在中国经济进一步融入WTO全球多边贸易体系的进程中,政府采购市场的逐步开放和政府采购活动的国际化将构成我国未来经济改革与发展的一大宏观趋势,遵循国际惯例,重视供应商权利保障也将成为中国溶入政府采购国际化的现实需要。另外,随着我国政府采购范围和规模的日益扩大,其在整个社会经济生活中的重要性日渐突出,而政府采购功能的发挥,目标的实现依靠的是广大供应商的积极参与,以及法律对其合法权利的充分保障。因此,完善我国政府采购立法,加强供应商权利保障,就成为促进国内政府采购健康良性发展的现实需要。在第一章第二节中,以政府采购的特征、功能、目标等为切入点认识政府采购的特殊性,这种特殊性是我们强调政府采购供应商权利保障的基点。鉴于采购合同在政府采购过程中的核心地位,及其定性对法律适用和制度设计的直接影响,必须对其性质进行深入分析,进而得出结论:政府采购合同分为行政合同和民事合同,并对这一结论加以运用:在行政合同性质的政府采购合同中,存在权力因素与契约精神的契合,借助西方古典自然法思想这一理论工具,阐明行政合同<WP=4>性质的政府采购合同中权力因素存在的必需性,对权力进行制约的必要性,以及通过法律以权利制约权力的必然性;在民事合同性质的政府采购合同中,本不应存在的权力因素也会由于其天然膨胀和无限漫游的惯性而侵害权利,加之供应商权利意识淡薄,依靠法律构建完善的机制保障供应商合法权利就成为必然选择。简言之,从政府采购的特殊性入手,通过对政府采购合同性质的深入分析,借助西方古典自然法思想这一理论工具,探寻政府采购供应商权利保障的理论依据。第二章至第四章为第二部分,解决“怎么办”的问题,即围绕如何构建完善的政府采购供应商权利保障机制之主题展开论述,分别阐述政府采购供应商权利确立机制、权利侵害的预防机制、权利侵害的救济机制。权利的保障应始于法律对权利的确立。第二章透过政府采购公开、公正、竞争和公平原则的内涵,分析供应商所享有的实体权利。阐明法律通过以上原则,以及体现上述原则的一系列规范确立了供应商在政府采购中享有知情权、参与权、合同收益权,也确立了政府采购合同当事人之间法律地位的平等性。同时,考察国外相关立法,针对我国现实中存在的问题和立法存在的缺陷,建议借鉴国外先进立法经验,建立相关制度保障供应商上述权利,即从规范政府采购信息公开的内容,公开的标准和公开的途径三方面入手,建立操作性强的政府采购信息公开制度;消除地区封锁,打破行业垄断,建立科学高效的供应商市场准入制度。其中,基于政府采购合同的特殊性,分别在民事合同关系和行政合同关系中分析政府采购合同当事人法律地位的平等性。由于行政合同中权力因素和行政特权的存在,对我们理解合同当事人法律地位平等性造成了一定障碍,因此对该问题以行政合同关系作为分析重点,从行政合同的形成和合同履行的结果两个角度阐述政府采购合同当事人法律地位的平等性。同时强调要贯彻公平原则,体现政府采购合同当事人之间最终的平等和公平,就要保证供应商合同收益权的实现。权利的保障在于对权利可能受到的侵害进行预防。第三章阐述通过建立政府采购回避制度和监督制度以构建政府采购供应商权利侵<WP=5>害预防机制。回避制度源于“自然正义”法则中任何人不能作为自己案件的法官的基本要求,彰显着实体公正,程序公正等价值。在政府采购中确立回避制度,排除了采购程序操纵者与当事人的利害关系,使采购程序操纵者避免在利益和情感上与政府采购中相互竞争的各方妥协或对抗,免受利益关系的制约和影响,使之在中立、公正、没有偏私的情况下履行采购职责,从而预防供应商权利遭受可能的侵害,限制实际发生侵害供应商权利的机会。完善的回避制度的总体构架应当由回避对象、回避事由、回避程序、回避的效力、回避的救济途径、违反回避制度的法律责任等内容构成。我国《政府采购法》也有回避制度的相关规定,但内容只涉及回避对象、回避事由、回避程序,缺乏对回避效力、回避救济途径、违反回避制度法律责任的规定,对此应当加以完善。同时,政府采购中的“黑箱操作”、“腐败陷阱”严重侵害着供应商的合法权利,变分散采购为集中采购以后,原来的分散腐败可能会变成集中腐败。要防止腐败、预防供应商权利遭受侵害,就要使政府采购行为规范化、程序化和制度化,而政府采购的规范化、程序化和制度

【Abstract】 The first years of 21st century witness the penetration of China’s economy’s entry into WTO-the global multilateral trade system. It follows that gradual opening of Chinese governmental purchase market and internationalization of its activity will prevail in the coming economic reforms. AGREEMENT appears not to be binding on China’s entrance to WTO and its decision to sign it or not remains at our own discretion. However, the track of its development reveals that it will not be permanently precluded from WTO’s multilateral agreement framework. AGREEMENT per se stipulates a system advocating discipline and legal binding, with openness, competition and transparence being the core. It requires Chinese law to enforce on international accords and also allows unfairly treated suppliers to confront legally the contracting government. On the other hand, based on the public finance theory, governmental purchase system is the offspring of state intervention on economy as well as the logical result of modern market economy’s development. Governmental purchase system, in which Government plays a multifunctional role, has a series of distinctive characteristics which private purchase doesn’t have. It pursues diversified goals and applies a special and critical influence on the national economic life. Functioning of governmental purchase and realizing of its goals depend on multitudinous supplier’s active participation and law’s full protection to their legal rights. Consequently, urging government to align with international practices, modifying Chinese governmental purchase law and ensuring suppliers’ rights to be perfectly protected have become a substantial topic for the present theory and practice of governmental purchase.The thesis consists of two parts, the first chapter being the first part. It <WP=8>starts with amplifying specialty of government purchase activity and probing the theoretic basis of protecting suppliers’ rights by a thorough analysis of purchase contract’s nature. It also elicits the necessity to realize this protection, following the clues of case studies.The second part comprises the second, third and fourth chapters, circumventing setting up sound legal systems safeguarding governmental purchase suppliers’ rights. A perfect protection system is made up of suppliers’ rights establishment mechanism, encroachment prevention mechanism and succor mechanism. In the second chapter, by elaborating openness, justice, competitiveness and fairness principles about governmental purchase, the author reveals supplier’s rights to know, to participate, to contract and to profit, and equal legal status among governmental purchase contracting parties, which are established according to laws and rules adopting the above-mentioned principles. With such a prerequisite, the author also expounds upon setting up information exposure system and supplier admittance system of governmental purchase. The third chapter discusses the positive impacts of avoidance system, originated from “natural justice” rule, and scientific and perfect supervision mechanism on preventing suppliers’ rights being encroached. It triggers the recommendations on how to create a sound governmental purchase avoidance system and many-facet-and-fully-covered supervision mechanism. Assuming full awareness of rights and succor concepts, the fourth chapter puts emphasis on constructing a sound, transparent, fair, high-efficient succor mechanism to protect governmental purchase suppliers’ rights and ponders over creating query and compliant procedures, the most distinctive part in governmental purchase succor mechanism.

【关键词】 政府采购供应商权利保障
【Key words】 government purchasesupplierrightsafeguard
  • 【分类号】D912.2
  • 【被引频次】9
  • 【下载频次】357
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