《孟子》管窥：空疏的整体观思维

【作者】 陈阵；

【导师】 孙开泰；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 中国古代史， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本文以《孟子》一书为分析对象，讨论了孟子的整体观思维。 整体观思维虽然涵盖了内外、我人、家国、私公、己群、知行、心物等等诸多方面，但是具体的文字所涉及到的，往往只是其中的一个或几个部分。有见于此，作者先分三个部分讨论了整体观思维的几个重要表现。 文章的第一部分讨论孟子的“王天下”理想。以时间为序，作者分析了孟子在宋国、滕国、魏国、齐国的言论。虽然面对的是不同的国家、不同的君主，孟子的言论在表面上也是针对君主不同的个性和不同的语境而发，他所坚持的其实是一贯不变的行仁政、王天下的逻辑。由于他的整体观思维，孟子固然也常常论及非常基础性的经济问题，但包裹在包打一切的整体方案和唯我正确的绝决态度之中，他的一些部分合理的见解也失去了价值。孟子的“王天下”逻辑非常简单，但简单并不等于可行，由于对当代史和国家机器的忽视，他总是把复杂的政治操作问题简化为道德问题，并由此论证出非此即彼的结论和一蹴而就的过程。这样，他看似完美的设计其实只是空想，他一再不顾现实而坚持的信念只能带给他一再的失败。 文章的第二部分讨论孟子的“家国一体”思想。以家国为一体应该并不是孟子的原创思想，但在他身上，这一思想的表现非常明显，这也是他的整体观思维的一部分。一方面，孟子认为可以以齐家为出发点，发用为治国和平天下。另一方面，孟子言论中的国也完全象是一个家，其等级制度是不可改变的，国家机器也几乎不存在，制度更是完全附属于国君个人。 文章的第三部分讨论孟子的知行一体、天人一体等思想。这是他的整体观思维的理论根据所在。在孟子的理论里，心既能上通于天(或者说天是心的根据，当然，在整体观思维中，这样的区分是无意义的)，又能自然地发用为行，或由“我”及“人”。超越性的心的存在也成为孟子和后世的宋明儒家建构“道统”的工具。 在分析了整体观思维的众多表现之后，文章的第四部分专门讨论了《孟子》中很短的一章，即淳于髡问男女授受不亲一段。从孟子所习用的类比论证(这一方法正是从整体观思维中获得合法性的)入手，作者对孟子的不当类比做了分析，由此说明整体观思维的空疏。 以上部分，作者从《孟子》的文本出发，讨论了他的整体观思维模式。但是，《孟子》文本记录下来的，不完全是孟子可以自圆其说的一个整体。在文章的最后一部分，作者讨论了这些对整体观思维模式提出挑战的内容(它们的背后，是无法忽略的真实的历史和现实)，以此说明整体观思维的苍白。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the classics Mencius, this article discusses on the holistic method of thinking of Mencius.In the holistic method of thinking, we can find many aspects such as inner and outer, ego and others, family and nation, private and public, single person and multitude, knowing and acting, heart and substance. While to the words in Mencius, the aspects they referred to are limited. So at first, the author discusses on some important angles of the holistic method of thinking in the first three parts of this article.The first part of this article discusses on Mencius’ ideal of "becoming the king of the world". In the sequence of the time, the author analyzes Mencius’ words in Kingdom Song, Teng, Wei and Qi. Facing different kingdoms and dictators, Mencius seemed to talk different topic according to the nature of dictator and the context. But in essence, Mencius always focused on his theory of "do the humane politics, then you will become the king of the world". Due to his holistic method of thinking, the practical steps of economic policy that Mencius occasionally mentioned became useless because they were part of an holistic solution and Mencius considered all his words right while that of others wrong. Mencius’ theory of "do the humane politics, then you will become the king of the world" was simple, but that does not meant it was feasible. Be short of the consideration of the contemporary and nation organization, Mencius always simplified complex political problems into the matter of ethic and then made a dichotomy conclusion. His seemingly ideal design then was just imagination and the theory he adhered to only led him into failure repeatedly.The second part of this article discusses on Mencius’ theory of "family and nation are one". It is not his invention, but we can find this theory had a severe influence on Mencius, which was also part of his holistic method of thinking. On the one hand, Mencius believed when you made your family harmonic, you could then administer the nation and even the world well. On the other hand, the nation in Mencius’ word were just like a family, where the hierarchy can’t be altered, the nation organization was loose and the bylaw was just appendix of dictators.The third part of this article discusses on Mencius1 theory of "knowing and acting are one" and "heaven and human are one", which were the theoretical basis of his holistic method of thinking. In his theory, heart can link itself with the heaven and become the outer action naturally. A transcendental heart were also the facility when Mencius and the Confucians in Song and Ming dynasty constructed the "pedigree of sages".After discussing on some important angles of the holistic method of thinking, the forth part of this article focus on a short section of Mencius, which was Chun-Yu Kun asked if the male and female could not contact each other. Beginning with Mencius’ favorite analogism, which get the justification from his holistic method of thinking, the author analyze this section throughout and then show the limitation of the holistic method of thinking.The holistic method of thinking was not the whole of Mencius. On the contrary, we can find many words in it, which defy the explanation of the holistic method of thinking and behind them were the truth of history and reality. On the last part of this article, the author discusses on this and shows the inanition of the holistic method of thinking.更多还原