【作者】 杨顺义；

【导师】 张新虎； 沈慧敏；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 植物病理学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 以番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea Pers．)、辣椒丝核病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporium Schl．)、黄瓜黑星病菌(Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell．et Arthur)和番茄早疫病菌(Alternaric solani(Ellis et Martin)Jones et Grout)为供试菌种，对14种植物共17种样品粗提物的抑菌活性进行了测定，并对抑菌活性较高的瑞香狼毒和苍耳做了较为深入的研究，得出以下结论： 1．17种植物样品丙酮提取物对5种病原菌离体活性的测定表明：当质量浓度为0.1g／ml时，百部、苦参、龙葵、黄花蒿、苍耳根、苍耳茎叶、狼毒根提取物对至少一种供试菌菌丝生长的抑制率大于80％，其中，龙葵、百部、苍耳茎叶和黄花蒿对5种供试菌中至少一种的抑制率为100％；泽漆、龙葵、苦参、黄花蒿、苍耳根、苍耳茎叶和蒲公英对至少一种供试菌孢子萌发的抑制率大于90％，其中苍耳茎叶对黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄早疫病菌和黄瓜黑星病菌孢子萌发的抑制率分别为100％、98.80％和98.15％。 2．在离体活性较高的百部、苦参、龙葵、黄花蒿、苍耳根、苍耳茎叶、狼毒根等7种植物样品对番茄灰霉病和黄瓜白粉病的活体测定中，发现供试质量浓度为0.1g／ml时，对番茄灰霉病：在黄瓜子叶上苍耳茎叶提取物的防效最好，均在40％以上，狼毒和龙葵次之；在番茄果实上苍耳茎叶、龙葵、黄花蒿和百部等4种提取物的防效均在40％以上，狼毒次之。对黄瓜白粉病的盆栽试验证明：苍耳根、百部、苦参和黄花蒿提取物的保护作用较强，第8天的防效均在68％以上，而治疗作用则以苍耳根和黄花蒿的较强，第8天的防效分别为93.55％和76.34％，值得进一步研究。 3．苍耳茎叶、苍耳根和狼毒的系统研究中，筛选出了上述植物的最适提取溶剂，苍耳茎叶为丙酮，苍耳根为甲醇，狼毒根为乙醇；通过冷浸法、振荡法和连续回流法提取物离体活性的测定，发现上述植物样品不同方法提取物的抑菌活性差异不明显。 4．苍耳茎叶、苍耳根和狼毒根的抑菌成分初步分离中，采用柱层析、薄层层析分离和GC-MS联用仪鉴定，苍耳茎叶中可能的抑菌成分主要有：6-[(1-乙酰氧基)-3-氧代丁基]-3，3a，4，7，8，8a-六氢-7-甲基-3-亚甲基-5-环庚烯并二氢呋喃、7-羟基-4-甲基-4-(2-氧代丙基)三环[3．3．0，0(2.8)-3-辛酮等13种；苍耳根中可能的抑菌成分主要有：N-苯基-α-萘胺、二氢木香内酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等21种；狼毒根主要有：N-苯基-β-萘胺、邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基)-己酯、邻苯二甲酸二辛酯等23种可能的抑菌成分。更多还原

【Abstract】 It is an important way to search new fungicides from plants. There are abundant resources from plants in China, which is an ideal area. The research was based on screening of antifungal plants in China . The fungistatis of 15 plants (17 plant samples) acetones extracts were systematically tested with Botrytis cinerea Pers. Rhizoctonia solani. Fusarium oxysporium Schl., Cladosporium cucumerinum Ell. et Arthur and Alternaric solani (Ellis et Martin) Jones et Grout ,and Stellera chamaejasme and Xanthium sibiricum , which have higher antifungal activity ,were studied further. The results were as following:1. By testing the vitro activity of 17 plant samples acetones extracts(the concertration was 0.1 g /ml) against 5 pathogenic fungi, we found that the extracts inhibition of hypha of Stemona japonica, Xanthium sibiricum(the root,the stem and leaf), Solatium nigrum, Artemisia annua, Sophora flavescens and Stellera chamaejasme were more than 80% to one or more tested fungi, and that of the former 4 plant extracts even got to 100% to at least one tested fungi; In the spore emergence test, the acetone extracts of 7 plant samples, such as Euphorbia helioscopia, Solarium nigrum, Sophora flavescens, Arlomisia annua, Xanthium sibiricum(the root,the stem and leaf), Taraxacum ongolicum , had more than 90% inhibition rate to at least one tested fungi, the antifungal ratio of extracts of the stem and leaf of Xanthium sibiricum even reached 100%.2. According to the vitro test , the extracts(the concertration was 0.1g /ml) of 7 plant samples that had strong inhibition are tested aginst tomato gray mould and cucumber powdery mildew on living entity. The controlling effect of the extracts of Xanthium sibiricum(the stem and leaf) was the best on cucumber cotyledons, and on the tomato fruits, Xanthium sibiricum(the stem and leaf) . Solanum nigrum, Artomisia annua and Stemona japonica extracts had control rate above 40%; In the pot tests, the protective efficacy of the Xanthium sibiricum(the root) , Stemona japonica , Sophora flavescens and Artomisia annua extracts were stronger against cucumber powdery mildew, after spraying 8 days,the protective efficacy were all above 68%,whereas,the curative efficacy of Xanthium sibiricum(the root) and Artomisia annua extracts were the highest, after spraying 8 days,their curative efficacy was 93.55% and 76.34% respectively.The plants mentioned above are worthy of being studiedfurther.3. In the further study on higher active plants, Xanthium sibiricum and Stellera chamae-jasme were researched systemically. Through vitro test of different solovent extracts, screening the optium extracting solovent of Xanthium sibiricum (stems and leaf) was acetone,and that of root of Xanthium sibiricum and Stellera chamaejasme were carbinol and ethanol individually; The extracting methods test showed that the antifungal activity of different methods extracts were almost the same,but the inhibition of the extracts of the reflux extracting method was higher relatively.4. Using column chromatography and tabular chromatography,the optimum solovent and method extracts of Xanthium sibiricum (root,stem and leaf) and Stellera chamaejasme were isolated primarimily,and the antifungal compositions of them were analysized with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).13 compounds were identified as 6-[1-(acetyloxy)-3-oxobutyl]-3,3a,4,7,8,8a-hexahydro-7-methyl-3-methylene-2H-Cyclohepta[a] furan-2-one and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-4-(propan-2-on-l-yl)-Tricyclo[3,3,0,0(2,8)]octan-3- one et al. from Xanthium sibiricum (stems and leaf); 21 compounds were identified as N-phenyl-1- Naphthalenamine , Dehydrocostuslactone, Dibutyl phthalate et al. from root of Xanthium sibiricum; 23 compounds were identified as N-phenyl -2-Naphthalenamine, Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, Di-n-octyl phthalate et al. from Stellera chamaejasme.更多还原