【作者】 张丽洁；

【导师】 毕华林；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 学科教学论， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 素质教育是以培养学生的创新精神和实践能力为重点的教育。但由于应试的需要，在目前的教育过程中，死记硬背的方法依然盛行，“死读书”、“读死书”的状况依然未变。这种现象的直接后果是造就了大量的“高分低能”的学生，“低能”的主要表现就是学生的问题解决能力低下，创新意识不足。创新精神需要问题意识，实践能力是在问题解决的过程中培养的。因此，在教学中培养学生的问题意识和问题解决能力将有利于培养学生的创新精神和实践能力。在合适、恰当的问题情境中有利于培养学生的问题意识；问题解决的第一环节是创设问题情境，在教学中创设合适恰当的问题情境对于培养学生的创新精神和实践能力具有十分重要的意义。在本研究中着重探讨了在化学教学中如何创设合理、恰当的问题情境。依据问题式学习理论应该把学习设置到复杂的、有意义的问题情境中，通过让学习者合作解决真实性问题来学习隐含于问题背后的科学知识，形成解决问题的技能，并形成自主学习的能力，在教学中教师首先向各个学生小组呈现一些精心设计的问题，一般是描述一些可观察的现象或事件，要求学生做出解释或回答。依据情境学习情境认知理论，知识只有在真实的情境中呈现，才能有效地激发学习者的认知需要；在一定情境中传授的知识与技能，更能有效地迁移到多种情境中去。在已有的研究基础上，我们在化学教学中创设问题情境时遵循了以下原则：针对性原则、启发性原则、挑战性原则、层次性原则、探索性原则和开放性原则。在化学教学导入时，采用激趣引疑法和复习—引导法创设问题情境；在化学教学的讲课当中，采用矛盾揭示法、以“误”引“悟”法和课堂讨论法创设问题情境；在化学教学的讲课结束时，采用比较辨析法和诱思—探究法创设问题情境。创设问题情境有以下几条途径：(1)利用化学实验创设问题情境；(2)联系生产生活实际创设问题情境；(3)利用学生意想不到的错误创设问题情境；(4)通过对具有启发性和开发性的问题的讨论创设问题情境；(5)通过化学史创设问题情境；(6)利用直观教具和现代教育技术创设问题情境。在研究过程中，通过化学学习兴趣问卷调查和访谈法，了解学生的化学学习兴趣水平的高低以及问题意识和问题解决能力的培养情况。实际研究表明，在化学教学中通过创设合理、恰当的问题情境可以提高学生的化学学习兴趣水平，可以有效地培养学生的问题意识和问题解决能力，也有利于学习成绩的提高。同时也对化学教师提出了更高的要求。更多还原

【Abstract】 Character education emphasizes the innovation spirit and practice ability of the students. But at present, to meet the needs of various tests, the method of memorizing mechanically is still current and the habit of bookish study is still popular in the course of education. And the immediate consequence of this is that many students can get high marks in exams but are mentally deficient, That can be found in the student’s question settlement ability and the creative innovates.The innovation spirit needs the questioning consciousness and the practice ability is cultivated in the course of question settlement. Therefore cultivating the question consciousness and question settlement ability of the students in the course of teaching will be favor of cultivating their innovation spirit and practice ability. In the suitable and proper question-situation, it is favorable to cultivate the question consciousness of the students. The first step in question settlement is to create question-situation and it is very important to create a suitable question-situation in the course of teaching, for this means much to the cultivating creative spirit and practice ability of the students. This paper focuses on cultivating the reasonable and proper question-situation in the course of teaching.According to the theory of problem learning, study should be putin complicated and meaningful question-situation. With the cooperation of the students, question can be solved, science and technology knowledge can be learned, and ability to solve the problems can be obtained. In the course of teaching, the teacher first should present some questions that meticulously designed and generally these questions describe the appearance of some incidents that can be observed, and then ask the students to make an explanation or answer. According to the true circumstance study and circumstance recognition theory, knowledge can effectively arouse the students’ recognition needs in the true circumstance. Knowledge and skills once taught in a certain circumstance can be effectively transferred to much other circumstance.On the basis of the study, we followed the following principles in the course of chemistry teaching: direct against principle, heuristic principle, challenge principle, administrative levels principle, nature exploring principle and opening principle. Interest drawing and doubting method and review conducting method are used to create the question-situation at the beginning of chemistry teaching. Then the contradictory announcement law, with "mistake" drawing "understanding" law and classroom discussion law are also used to create the question-situation. At last, differentiating and analyzing law should be used. There are several ways to create the question-situation: (1) the question-situation is founded in the utilization of chemistryexperiment, (2) the question-situation is founded in reality of work and life, (3) make use of the unexpected mistakes made by the students, (4) through the discussion of heuristic and exploiting problems, (5) the study of the history of chemistry, (6) use teaching aid and modern education technology. In the course of study, with the help of chemistry study interest and asking rolling up investigations, we can have a general understanding of the students’ level in chemistry study, their questioning consciousness and their ability of question settlement.Real research indicates that creating reasonable and proper question-situation can raise students’ interest in chemistry. It can also cultivate the student’s ability of question consciousness and settlement, and be favorable of raising the study result and it has put forward a higher requirement to the chemistry teachers at the same time.更多还原