【作者】 刘春华；

【导师】 李建臣；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 起跳作为跳远运动各项技术环节中最为重要的环节，它决定了人体腾空瞬间的运动速度和运动方向，进而决定了跳远成绩的好坏。所以长期以来，跳远起跳技术一直都是人们研究的焦点。跳远起跳是在极短的时间内完成的。那么在0.1s左右的时间内蹬伸技术与摆动技术的关系是怎样的呢?摆动动作又是以怎样的形式完成的呢?现在大多数教练员都已经认识到了摆动动作的作用，可对于摆动动作对起跳整个系统影响的机制还不能深入的认识。虽然在教学与训练中教练员们也知道经常的提醒运动员在起跳时注意“快速摆动”，“积极摆动”。但由于对这些问题的认识层次不同，直接关系到我们对教学与训练重点和程序的安排，影响了教学效果、训练水平和运动成绩。 本研究利用所拍摄的我国优秀男子运动员技术录像加以解析与研究，通过对所获取的摆动动作的数据、指标与影响跳远成绩和影响起跳技术的诸多因素进行相关性分析。从运动学角度探讨跳远起跳过程中摆动动作的作用及其摆动方式与起跳动作及跳远成绩等相关因素的关系，为今后的跳远教学与训练提供参考。 跳远的摆动动作主要包括摆动腿的摆动、摆动腿侧髋的“前送”、两臂的摆动等动作。其中以摆动腿的作用最大。本研究表明，着板瞬间摆动腿和两臂的摆动动作与摆动速度的变化有助于减小两大腿夹角，使身体重心在上板时处于一个较高的位置，为缓冲阶段作好准备。进入缓冲阶段，摆动腿和两臂的最大摆动速度这一指标可以反映此阶段摆动腿与两臂的摆动积极与否，研究表明它们与起跳瞬间身体重心河北师范大学2003届硕士研究生学位论文腾起速度呈显著相关:另外本研究还发现缓冲阶段水平速度的损失与着板角，缓冲阶段摆动腿摆速相关性不大，而与最大缓冲膝角有一定联系。起跳蹬伸阶段本文分析了摆动腿与两臂摆动制动动作对身体重心腾起初速度，身体重心高度增加值和起跳腿侧伸艘蹬地动作的影响与作用机制。 由于骸关节的特殊生理结构决定其可以绕支撑腿一侧支点做三轴运动。另外两髓关节由中间的骨盆相互连接，其一侧骸关节的运动势必会影响到另一侧骸关节的运动方式和运动方向。本研究将摆动腿侧骸关节的运动与起跳腿侧骸关节的运动相互映系，探索摆动腿侧骸的运动对于着板角，着板瞬间两大腿夹角，起跳腿蹬伸程度，起跳腿侧骸角等因素的影响及作用机制。 对于跳远起跳过程的摆动动作国内外也常有相关报道，本文尝试从不同的角度选择不同的指标，加以分析和论述，希望能给今后的教学与训练提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Takeoff is the most important technique among the others, set the body’s speed and direction at the lifting moment and proceeds to determine the distance of the long jump. Therefore, the technique of takeoff has always been the study focus. Takeoff is completed within 0.1 second or so, and what is the relation between extension-thrust skill and swinging skill? How is swinging completed? Most coaches have realized the function of swinging, but they cannot understand deeply the mechanism of affection that swinging has to the whole takeoff. Even though coaches often remind jumpers to swing quickly and actively when they take off. Yet they have different ideas about this swinging and proceeding related to our arrangement of teaching focus and teaching order. As a result, this different understanding will affect teaching, training and performance.By way of relevant analyses of the factors the performance and skill of long jumping and analyses of data from video record of excellent athlete in our country, this paper studies the relating between the role and method of swinging and other relevant causes, provides references for further training andteaching.The swinging movement in long jump mainly includes swinging of leg, the stretching of hip at swinging leg’s side, the swing of arms etc. Swinging leg play a most important role. According to this study, swinging speed of swinging leg at the moment of planting on the board will decrease the angle between two thighs, and that decreasing places the body gravity at a higher position when planting on the board, all of these make a good preparation for cushion phase. In the cushion phase, I chose the maximum swinging speed of swinging leg, for this can reflect whether the swinging leg make a active swing in the cushion phase. The study shows that it has a significances relevance to the finial lifting speed. Furthermore, the study finds that in the cushion phase the loss of horizontal speed has little relevance to the maximum angle of knee in cushion. The paper choose stopping accelerations of swinging leg in the takeoff phase, to analyze the affection between this acceleration and the beginning speed of lift, the increased height of body gravity, the high extension and stamping at the board.Because of the special structure of hip point, the hip can make 3-axis movement around supporting leg. There two hipjoints connected pelvis, the movement of one hip will definitely affects the way and direction of the other hip’s moving, this paper related the movement of hip in swinging leg’s side to that of takeoff leg’s side, try to study the mechanism and affecting of this movement (in swinging leg’s side)to the angle of planting on the board, to the angle between thighs at the moment of taking off, to extensive degree of takeoff leg, to the hip angle of takeoff leg’s side.The purpose of swing of arms and legs is nearly the same, but comparatively speaking the affection of arms, to the height of body gravity and to the strength of takeoff, is small because of its small mass. This paper studies the different using of arms swinging between excellent athletic and what is written on the textbook, compares the advantage and disadvantage of the two kinds of arm swinging, explains different swinging used by athletic levels.更多还原