【作者】 王军；

【导师】 郝建平； 杨锦忠；

【作者基本信息】 山西农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 水分利用问题是制约旱作农业发展的主要因素，覆盖栽培是解决这一问题的途径之一。渗水地膜是一种针对提高旱作作物水分利用率(通过小雨资源有效化)的新型地膜。本试验通过渗水地膜覆盖、普通地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和露地四处理对农大108玉米的水分利用率、生长发育过程及产量的影响的分析，结果表明： 渗水地膜的渗水作用在其对秋雨的利用效果上起着重要的作用，而且其渗水、保水的综合效应比普通地膜和秸秆覆盖的单纯保水对土壤水分的改善作用优越的多，具体表现为在本试验中播前不同处理的土壤含水量以渗水地膜覆盖的最高。渗水地膜覆盖对土壤水分的双重作用在玉米生育的苗期表现的最为明显，为玉米的后期生长打下了良好的基础。整个覆盖期间渗水地膜覆盖的水分利用率最高，生育期内渗水地膜覆盖的玉米胁迫系数最小，水分有效利用率最高。 渗水地膜覆盖条件下，玉米在各生育时期生长旺盛，各器官功能发挥充分(比较明显的是玉米的根叶组、茎叶组和穗粒叶组的叶面积比例比较合理，为1:5.79:3.79)，整个生长发育过程协调而有序，各生理指标，如叶绿素含量、细胞膜透性、硝酸还原酶活性等均高于其它处理；脯氨酸含量为四处理中最低。秸秆覆盖和露地的玉米在整个生育期内，尤其是秸秆覆盖，出现了各器官生长发育紊乱(如根系、根叶组等生长不充分和茎、穗叶组等过剩生长)的现象，导致了生育后期茎叶与穗争夺有限的光合产物，干物质积累不适时、分配不合理和最终经济产量的降低。 渗水地膜覆盖下玉米的产量最高，以下依次为普通地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和露地。更多还原

【Abstract】 Dryland is characterized by rain-fed and the low efficiency of water utility. Mulch farming provides an approach for solving the problem. Water-permeability plastic membrane is a new kind of membrane aimed at increasing the efficiency of water utility, based on validating small rainfall. The treatments used in this study were water-permeability plastic membrane (WPPM) mulching, normal plastic membrane mulching, straw mulching and no any mulching. The results in the efficiency of water utility by maize, the growth and development processes and the yields of maize under different treatments showed that:WPPM was better than the others on the soil moisture content through improving autumn rainfall penetration into soil vertically, while it also blocked evaporation as normal plastic membrane did, so the soil moisture was maximum before seeding. Especially during the seedling, the favorable soil moisture content of WPPM was the foundation for the following growth and development processes. The efficiency of water utility during the mulching, the coefficient of stress and the valid efficiency of water utility in the growth and development processes of WPPM mulching were better than the others.The maize covered with WPPM had wealthy and unisonous growth processes, for instance, the areas of leafage groups of root, stem and ear had a better proportion (1:5.79:3.79). By contrast with the WPPM, the other treatments, especially the straw mulching, both of the root and the leafage can not get sufficient growth before July because of the low temperature, and after then, there was plentiful rainfall, so the leafage and stems still accumulated the assimilation products that should be distributed to ear. that led to the reductions of their economic outputs.The yield of maize covered with WPPM was the highest. Those of normal plastic membrane mulching, straw mulching and no any mulching were in that order.更多还原