【作者】 张前进；

【导师】 白中科；

【作者基本信息】 山西农业大学 ， 土壤学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 恢复受损伤的生态系统成为我国当前面临的特别紧迫的任务，其中废弃地的恢复又是首先应该给予重视的。在矿区废弃地的恢复中，景观演变的过程及空间格局研究，对矿区的生态安全、土地资源再利用和可持续发展具有重要的作用。本文以山西平朔矿区为例，在对矿区地貌、植被、土壤等景观要素调查分析的基础上，以Map-GIS技术为手段，运用景观生态学原理，对平朔矿区生态系统景观动态变化过程、特征及景观类型的划分进行了研究，结果表明： (1)大型露天矿区生态系统景观动态变化过程包括生态破坏过程的景观变化(土地挖损、土地压占、土地占用)和生态重建过程的景观变化(地貌重塑、土壤重构、植被重建)。 (2)景观演变类型可从不同角度划分为不同类型，但概括起来，景观演变时空序列可分为三种类型：①原地貌景观→岩土剥离爆破、土地挖损景观→岩土回填景观→内排土场景观；②原地貌景观→岩土运输排弃、土地压占景观→外排土场景观→复垦景观；③原地貌景观→地面平整、土地占用景观→工业广场景观→复垦景观。 (3)景观演变特点表现为空间快速移动性、景观要素的易变性、景观持续的阶段性、景观类型复杂性等。 在此研究的基础上，采用景观多样性指数、优势度指数、均匀度指数和破碎度指数，以及分维方法和统计分析相结合的方法，对矿区典型排土场的原生态系统、破坏后的生态系统、重建生态系统的地貌、植被、土壤等景观要素进行了分析，结果表明：从原生态系统到重建生态系统，景观基质发生了根本性的变化，林地的多样性、均匀性、优势度大幅度增加，分离度降低，显示了重建生态系统在人为的调控下，已初步形成一个结构较为合理、功能良好的人工复合生态系统。另外，本文对矿区景观的异质性和稳定性作了讨论。 本研究结果的学科价值:丰富了极端生境下剧烈扰动地貌的景观生态学理论，为确定人工正确诱导下的矿区生态演替方向提供了可借鉴的方法和途径;应用价值主要体现:研究结果适宜于我国黄土高原正在开采和将要开采的大型露天煤矿的土地复垦与生态重建。更多还原

【Abstract】 It’s an urgent task for our country to rehabilitate the damaged ecosystem. And more attention should be paid to the abandoned land reclamation. During the process of reclaiming the abandoned land in mine, the research for landscape succession and spatial pattern is playing an important role in ecological security, land resource reuse and sustainable development. On the basis of analysis for landscape features, such as landform, vegetation, soil and the like, the author took pingshuo opencast mine as an example and studied the landscape dynamic succession, landscape features and landscape types by means of MAP-GIS and the theory of landscape ecology .The results show that the process of ecosystem landscape dynamic succession in larger open-pit mine includes ones in damaging ecosystem (excavating, occupying and piling) and in rehabilitating ecosystem (landform remolding, soil rebuilding and re-vegetation ). There are different types of landscape succession, but in general, there are three ones according to the sequence of time and space: (l)original landscape-->rock-exploring and land-excavating landscape-->rock and soil filled landscape--> filled dumping site landscape; (2)original landscape-->rock-dumping and land-excavating landscape -->occupied dumping site landscape-->reclaimed landscape; (3)original landscape --> land-occupying landscape-->industrial square landscape-->reclaimed landscape. The research also indicates that landscape features change is fast in space, that landscape persistence varies in stages and that landscape factors are changeable. In addition, by means of landscape diversity, evenness, dominance, fragmentation, fractal dimension and statistics, the author respectively analyzed landforms, plant, soil and so on in the original ecosystem of the typical dumping site, the damaged ecosystem and the rehabilitated ecosystem. In fact, landscape matrix has been completely converted from the original ecosystem to the rehabilitated ecosystem. The indexes of diversity, evenness and dominance in forest landscape have sharply increased, but segregation decreased, which demonstrates that the rehabilitated ecosystem has been a reasonable and fine artificial ecosystem under the control of human. Besides landscape heterogeneity and stability were also analyzed. The creative results in the study are as follows. The theory of landscape ecology about drastic disturbance of landforms has been richened. A practical way could be found to identify the final direction of artificial ecosystem succession. Moreover, the results can be applied into study the land reclamation and ecological rehabilitation of the developed opencast mines and developing ones in loess plateau.更多还原