【作者】 金竹萍；

【导师】 郝建平；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 植物学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 我国是枣的原产国和主产国。现有枣树栽培品种性状各有不足，而且退化现象严重。采用传统的自然变异繁殖方法育种周期长，效果又不明显。杂交育种技术是培育优良作物品种的有效方法，在主要经济作物育种中已得到广泛的应用。但枣树的胚败育现象非常普遍，通过人工杂交得到的杂种胚更是因严重败育而难以获得杂种植株，因而其人工育种迄今仍属空白。阐明胚败育机理、建立延缓胚败育及对早期幼胚进行抢救的方法和手段，已成为枣树育种中一个迫切需要解决的问题。 本实验进行了枣的离体授粉、受精试验及离体胚培养和体细胞胚胎的诱导，对杂交过程中的传粉、受精和胚的形成与发育过程进行了组织胚胎学研究，探讨了胚败育的过程、形式及克服方法，以期获得正常的杂交后代，进而培育出性状优异的新品种。 实验结果表明，大多数品种的枣胚从球形期或心形期即开始败育，只有极少数品种可发育到成熟胚。通过对离体胚培养条件的筛选发现，胚龄约30天的幼胚容易培养成功。离体受精所形成的极幼龄胚珠在培养过程中，子房明显膨大，可正常生长发育20天。在胚培养过程中诱导出体细胞胚胎，并且其发育进程与合子胚高度一致，都经历了原胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚和子叶胚等发育阶段。体细胞胚胎诱导的成功，为枣品种间杂交胚的正常生长、发育乃至杂种植株的形成提供了一条新的途径。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zizyphus jujuba is produced primarily and mainly in our country. The character of date tree cultivar at present has different deficiency, and degeneration is serious. Natural variation is one of the traditional reproduce methods, not only its breeding cycle is too long, but also produces little effect. Crossbreeding as a effective way to cultivate excellent crop variety has been extensively applied on major economic crops breeding. Embryo abortion of date tree is very popular, and the abortion of hybrid embryo through hybridization is too serious to gain hybrid plant, so its artificial breeding remains blank up to now. Therefore it is necessary to expound the abortive mechanism, and to fend the method of putting off abortion and rescuing young embryo.Pollination, fertilization and embryo culture in vitro and embryoid induction were studied in the experiment. The hybridization pollination and fertilization, and the production and development of embryo were researched, the process, style and overcome method of abortion were discussed to gain normal hybrid progeny and cultivate new variety with excellent character.The results show that, most of varieties of the zizyphus jujuba embryo began aborting from globular or heart-shaped embryo period, and few of them could keep developing to cotyledon stage embryo. Through screening the conditions of embryo culture, we can find it was easy to culture the embryo of 30 days. During the culture, the extremely young hybrid ovule developed normally for 20 days, with the ovary expanding obviously. Somatic embryo was induced during embryo culture, whose developing process was similar to zygote greatly, for both of them shared the same experience from proembryo to globular embryoid, heart-shaped embryoid, torpedo-shaped embryoid and cotyledon stge embryoid. The success of the induction of embryoid offers a new way to the growth and development of hybrid embryo, and the production of hybrid plant.更多还原