【作者】 周建云；

【导师】 张文辉；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 植物学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis Bl.)为壳斗科(Fagaceae)栎属(Quercus Linn.)分布极为广泛的乔木树种，也是我国暖温带海拔1600m以下地区重地带性植被的主要组成树种。本文通过对栓皮栎地理分布的研究，确定了研究栓皮栎天然类型的地理区域；应用数值分类学原理，采用聚类分析方法，对秦巴山区和黄龙山区的栓皮栎天然类型进行划分；确定了陕西省不同地区30年左右栓皮栎优树选择的标准和方法，并选出了适宜不同地区生长的优树49株；采用同工酶技术，通过对POD、GDH、EST、ADH等4个酶系统的检测，研究栓皮栎天然群体遗传变异水平和不同栓皮栎天然类型的遗传结构。结果表明：(1)栓皮栎在我国分布广泛，秦巴山区是其分布中心之一，黄龙山区是其分布的边缘地带，选取秦巴山区和黄龙山区作为研究栓皮栎的地域范围，具有很高的代表性。(2)栓皮栎天然类型可划分为长柄厚皮型、短柄厚皮型、长柄薄皮型和短柄薄皮型4个类型。(3)栓皮栎优树选择应采用小样地法，各地区选择标准不同。在巴山北坡30a左右的栓皮栎林分中进行选优时，以预选树为中心，以20m为半径设置样圆，分别计算出预选树和平均木胸径、树高、栓皮厚度的差与平均木的比值mD、mH、mT，若mD≥35％，mH≥25％，mT≥130％，且此树又符合质量性状标准时，则认为预选树为优树。在秦岭北坡30a左右的栓皮栎林分中进行选优时，以预选树为中心，以20m为半径设置样圆，分别计算预选树和平均木胸径、树高、栓皮厚度的差与平均木的比值mD、mH、mT，若mD≥40％，mH≥30％，mT≥140％，且此树又符合质量性状标准时，则认为预选树为优树。在黄龙山区30a左右的栓皮栎林分中进行选优时，以预选树为中心，以20m为半径设置样圆，分别计算预选树和平均木胸径、树高、栓皮厚度的差与平均木的比值mD、mH、mT，若mD≥30％，mH≥20％，mT≥120％，且此树又符合质量性状标准时，则认为预选树为优树。(4)共选出栓皮栎优树49株，其中巴山北坡15株(平利8株，宁强7株)，秦岭北坡24株(南五台10株，楼观台14株)，黄龙山区10株。(5)栓皮栎天然群体具有较高的变异水平，多态位点百分率为75％，等位基因平均数为2.708，平均期望杂合率0.388；群体间有一定程度的分化，但大部分变异存在于群体内，群体间仅占4.9％。(6)不同类型栓皮栎的POD、MDH、EST、ADH同工酶谱型差异较大。在EST-A位点上长柄厚皮型和短柄厚皮型酶活性比长柄薄皮型和短柄薄皮型酶活性强，可以将EST-A位点上酶活性的强弱作为区分厚皮型与薄皮型的辅助依据。MDH-A1活性强，颜色较深，长柄厚皮型和短柄厚皮型迁移率较近(分别为0.375、0.385)，长柄薄皮型和短柄薄皮型迁移率较近(分别为0.422、0.427)，可以将MDH-A1作为区分长柄型和短柄型的辅助依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Q. variabilis is a kind of arbor of Fagaceae Quercus which has a widespread distribution area and is also the major regional tree of the warm temperate zone below altitude 1 600 meter in China. Through the study of Q. variabilis geographical distribution, this paper has confirmed the geographical district of researching Q. variabilis natural type; applied the theory of numerical taxology and cluster analysis method, classified the Q. variabilis of Qinba and Huanglong mountain; ascertained the standard and method of Q. variabilis plus trees selection about 30 ages in Shaanxi province different areas and selected 49 plus trees that were suitable to different areas; used isoenzyme analysis ,through the detection enzyme system of POD,GDH,EST and ADH ect, researched the genetic variation level of Q. variabilis natural populations and heredity construction of different Q. variabilis natural type .The result showed: (1) Q. variabilis distributes widely in China ,Qinba mountain is one of Q. variabilis distribution center and Huanglong mountain is the edge belt .It has a high representative to select Qinba and Huanglong mountain as the region of researching Q. variabilis. (2) The natural category of Q. variabilis may be divided into the long petiole thick bark pattern, the short petiole thick bark pattern ,the long petiole thin bark pattern and the short petiole thin bark pattern.(3) The plus trees selection of Q. variabilis should use the small sample plot method and the standard is different in each region. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in north slope of Bashan mountain, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,highness and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 35%, mH 25% and mT 130% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, then this forward selection tree is regarded as the plus tree. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in Qinling mountain north slope, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,height and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 40%, mH 30% and mT 140% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, then this forward selection tree is regarded as the plus tree. When we select the plus trees in Q. variabilis stand about 30a in Huanglongmountain, we should make the forward selection tree as the core, set up the circle sample plot at the radius of 20m, differentiate to calculate the mD,mH,mT ratio between the minus which is the forward selection tree and the width ,height and bark thickness of average tree and average tree. If mD 30%, mH 20% and mT 120% and this tree conforms to the standard of quantity character, this forward selection tree is regarded as the plus tree. (4) We have selected 49 plus trees in all which is 15 in north slope of Bashan mountain (respectively 8 in Pingli county,7 in Ningqiang county), 24 in north slope of Qinling mountain (respectively 10 in Nanwutai ,14 in Louguantai) and 10 in Huanglong mountain. (5) Q. variabilis natural population has a high variation level, proportion of polymorphic loci is 75%, allege gene average is 2.708 and the expected heterozygosis is 0.388. There is some differentiation among populations, but the most of the variation are existed in inter population and the variation only occupy 4.9% among populations.(6) The POD, MDH,EST and ADH isoenzyme spectrum type of different type Q, variabilis have a large difference. The enzyme activity of the long petiole thick bark pattern and the short petiole thick bark pattern is better than the long petiole thin bark pattern and the short petiole thin bark pattern in EST-A locus, so we may regard the strength and weakness of e更多还原