论被追诉人的人权保障

【作者】 刘怀印；

【导师】 吕泰峰；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 法律， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 在刑事法制理论界和司法实践中，人们常困惑于打击犯罪与保障人权的冲突之中。针对“刑讯逼供”、“超期羁押”等侵犯被追诉人人权的痼疾，目前，法学界普遍认为应参照“两大法系”诉讼模式和国际上统一标准，进一步改造我国的刑事诉讼制度，建立所谓的“正当程序”，提高人权保障水平。笔者认为：如果从宪政层面上剖析国家权力和被追诉人权利在一定领域内(也就是追诉犯罪)冲突的原因，理清在该领域内国家权力和被追诉人权利的宪法关系，就能从根本法上为被追诉人的人权保障划定界限，并且为在刑事法制领域内解决被追诉人的人权保障问题提供宪法依据。 宪政的基本原理告诉人们，公民权利产生国家权力，国家权力从属并服务于公民权利。国家权力仅仅是履行责任的手段，其设定与行使仅以实现宪法规定的国家责任为限。所以，保护被追诉人的人权是国家及于宪政精神应承担的义务。国家专门司法机关追诉犯罪时，首先必须严格按照宪法和有关刑事法律的规定去实施，同时还要严格按照法定的程序去运作。任何对宪法和法律的僭越，都会导致追诉权的滥用，都会对被追诉人的权利造成侵害。为此，立法应当赋予被追诉人切实可行的排除不当侵害的防御权和救济权。 对被追诉人人权保障的宪法含义，就是防止立法机关制定损害已被宪法所规定的保障人权的刑事法律和法规；同时，为已制定的刑事法律、法规是否符合宪政精神提供审查依据；并为被追诉人免遭不法侵害构筑一道宪法防线，使刑事司法在文明的宪政轨道上运行。从宪法层面上看，刑事诉讼的根本目的是为了防止国家刑罚权的滥用，是为了保障被追诉人的人权，是为了维护宪政体制和秩序。 在我国，不论从宪法层面，还是从司法实践看，在人权保障方面所取得的巨大成就是有目共睹的，但并非是完美无缺的。对于被迫诉人的人权保障方面所存在的问题，笔者在从宪法层面和刑事诉讼法层面剖析的基础上，经过认真研究提出以下改进思路：1、将“无罪推定”和“罪刑法定”原则确立为宪法原则；2、将诉讼权作为公民基本权利；3、将宪法赋予的公民基本权利纳入司法救济范畴；4、赋予被迫诉人完整实质的辩护权；5、确立“不得强迫自我归罪”规则；6、强化对侦查程序的监督；7、建立逮捕措施司法审查制度；8、完善申请回避权的保障；9、进一步完善庭审方式；10、确立“一事不再理”规则。更多还原

【Abstract】 In both the criminal law science and judicial practice in China, law experts and judicial personnel have been always confused with the conflict between crackdown on crime and guarantee of human rights. There exist some chronic maladies such as "extorting a confession by torture" and "extended custody" with respect to the rights of the accused. Therefore, it is universally thought that we should further reform our criminal litigation system according to the uniform international standard by referring to the litigation modes of "two major genealogies of law", and establish the so-called "due process" and advance the level of guarantee of human rights. In the thesis, the author argues that, if we analyze the constitutional cause of conflicts between state power and rights of the accused in a certain field (that is the prosecution of criminals), and put in order the relations between state power and rights of the accused, we will draw a line for the guarantee of the accused in the fundamental law sense and will lay constitutional foundation of the resolution of this issue within the range of the criminal legal system.According to the basic doctrine of constitutionalism, citizens’ right gives birth to state power while state power is subject to citizens’ right. State power, only as a means for the execution of the responsibility, should be set and exercised with the limits of the state responsibilities provided by the Constitution. So, it is one of the state’s duties to protect the human rights of the accused on the basis of the constitutional spirit. When prosecuting a criminal, the judicial branch should firstly abide by the Constitution and competent criminal laws, and act in accordance with legal procedures strictly as well. Any action that oversteps the authority entitled by the Constitution and laws will give rise to the abusiveness of the right to prosecute and will encroach upon the rights of the accused. Because of this, the legislation should provide the accused with practice and effective right to defense and right to relief while foreclosing undue infringement.The constitutional guarantee of the human rights of the accused means preventing the legislation from making any criminal law or statute that will probably do harm to the constitutional rights of the accused; and moreover, providing foundations for reviewingwhether a promulgated criminal law or statute is constitutional; setting up a constitutional line of defense for the accused against unlawful infringement; and finally making criminal judicature go onto a constitutionally civilized crack. Basically, the criminal litigation aims to guard against the misuse of state power of punishment, to guarantee the rights of the accused, and to maintain constitutional structure and order.The past twenty years have witnessed tremendous achievements in guaranteeing human rights both in the constitutional sense and in the judicial practice in China. Despite obvious to anyone, it is never perfect. Facing the problems in the guarantee of the rights of the accused, the author makes particular analyses and putts forward the following suggestions: (1) to establish the principle of "presumption of innocence" and the principle of "a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime" as two of constitutional principles; (2) to regard the right to sue as one of basic rights of citizens; (3) to provide judicial relief to citizens concerning the basic constitutional rights; (4) to endow the accused with a complete and substantial right of defense and to counsel; (5) to establish a rule of "imposing no self-inculpation upon anyone"; (6) to strengthen the supervision of the procedure of investigation; (7) to set up judicial review system of arrest measures; (8) to perfect the guarantee of petition for withdrawal; (9) to further perfect ways of court trial; and (10) to set up a rule of "non bis in idem" (meaning that no one should be twice harassed for the same cause).更多还原