保障措施法律制度研究

【作者】 刘彤；

【导师】 成先平；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 经济法， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 世界贸易组织(WTO)致力于通过多边谈判使各成员方降低关税和减少非关税壁垒，这使得各国难以再通过各种贸易壁垒来保护其国内产业，取而代之的是反倾销、反补贴、保障措施等符合WTO规定的手段。其中，实施保障措施的案件虽然数量相对较少，但却有着独特的调整范围，被视为保护本国产业和保障国家经济的“安全阀”，成为世界贸易体制的重要组成部分。 保障措施是指当某项产品进口急剧增长，并造成进口方国内相关产业严重损害或严重损害威胁时，进口方政府可对该进口产品实施的限制措施。本文认为虽然它是一种限制措施，但它与WTO通过推动自由贸易而带动经济增长的宗旨并不相违背，它是进口国经济上的一个“安全阀”，即当推行贸易自由化出现意外情况时，可以合法地采取进口限制措施，为本国产业创造一个通过产业调整来加强国际竞争力的机会，达到贸易救济的目的。与反倾销、反补贴制度不同的是，保障措施针对的是正常贸易行为，而不是倾销、补贴等不公平贸易行为。它所保护的是那些因技术水平较低、成本过高、管理不善等原因而在正常的贸易条件下缺乏竞争力的产业，目的是为它们赢得进行调整的机会。 WTO现行的保障措施制度主要包括两个部分，即《GATT1994》第19条和1994年在乌拉圭回合达成的《保障措施协议》。本文对这两部分的内容及其缺陷进行了分析，并就两者的关系进行了论述，认为它们同属世贸组织法律体系组成部分，共同组成多边保障体制的法律基础，在实施保障措施时，必须既满足《保障措施协议》，又满足《GATT1994》第19条规定的条件。一些国家在遵守WTO保障措施制度的基础上，又从实际出发制定了其本国的保障措施法。本文对美国、欧共体和韩国的保障措施立法进行了比较和分析。指出美国频繁发起保障措施调查是与其保障措施法(即通常所说的201条款)规定了较为宽松的条件分不开的。我国的《保障措施条例》及其配套法规承袭了《保障措施协议》的主要原则和制度，体现了我国国内法律、法规与世界贸易组织规则的接轨。它对保护国内产业免受进口商品数量增加而导致严重损害或严重损害威胁起到至关重要的作用。但它还存在着立法层次较低的问题，而且在规则上仍有一些不足。 我国已经加入价O，一方面，随着盯0成员实施保障措施数量的逐年提高，今后国外保障措施对我国出口贸易发展的负面影响将可能越来越大;另一方面，随着市场进一步开放和关税不断降低，国外产品将大量涌入，可能对我国相关产业造成严重损害或严重损害的威胁。因此，我们除严格遵守WTO规则和我国政府所做承诺外，还应积极运用保障措施的一些策略，即建立进口预警机制，做好产业损害的防范工作;正确利用规则，有效保护国内产业;加强出口自律，有效预防外国启动保障措施:加强国际协调，有效利用保障措施机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 The world Trade Organization devotes itself to cut down the tariff and diminish the non-tariff barrier of each member by means of multilateral negotiation, which makes each nation failed to protect its domestic industry through various trading barrier. Replacing it are Counter-dump, Counter-subsidy and Safeguard measure, etc, which are in keeping with designated means. Among them, carrying out the cases of the safeguard measure comparatively fewer in quantities, whereas they possess their unique adjusting scale and are regarded the "Safety Valve" for protecting the domestic industry and safeguarding the economy of country. It is also an essential composing part of the world trading system.Safeguard measure means when a kind of export of product is sharply proliferated and causes severe damage and threat to the relating domestic industry of importing nation, importing-nation government could implement the limitation measurement to its importing products. This article holds that it is a sort of limitation measurement, however it is not contradictory with the aim of WTO to promote the free trade bringing the economic growth; it is a "Safety Valve" for the importing nations in economy, that is to say when promoting trade freedom meets unexpected occasion, the importing limitation measurement can be law fully adopted, which can create an international competitive opportunity to the domestic industry by means of industry adjustment, then reaching the goal of trading relief. Different from counter-dump, Counter-subsidy, Safeguard measure is directed against the normal trading behavior, while they are not the abnormal one, such as dump, Subsidy. The Ensuring Measurement protests the industry that is less competitive in the normal trading condition due to low technology, inefficient cost and imperfect management. Its purpose is to win the chance of adjustment.The current WTO Safeguard measure System mainly includes two parts,"GATT1994" which reached in agreement in Uruguay in 1994. The article analyses the contents of these two parts ’faults and states the mutual relationship, believing that they are constituted of WTO’s law system, and formed the law basis of multilateral ensuring system. When the safeguard measure is put into effect, "Ensuring Measurement Accord" and regulation of "GATT1994" The Nineteenth Treaty must be met. Some nations stipulated its own domestic Ensuring Measurement Act Starting from their reality on the basis of abiding by the safeguard measure system. The article makes comparison in legislature between America, European,Union and Korea, analyses the similarities and each feature, and it refers that the constant safeguard measure investigation of America being closely attached to its safeguard measure act (commonly refers to the 201 treaty) which stipulated relatively lessened condition. "Safeguard measure Ordinances" in our country and its relative regulations heritage the main principle and system of "Safeguard measure Accord", it embodies our country’s domestic law being linked to the regulation of the WTO. It plays extremely important role in protecting domestic industry, which is free from the severe loss and threat that is because of the increasing quantities the inferior problem of legislature and is inefficient in regulation.Our country has entered into WTO. On the one hand, with the increasing quantities of WTO members that are carrying out Safeguard measure, the oversea safeguard measure will more and more largely and passively affect our exporting trade in later coming years. Especially, according to the "China Entry into WTO Accord" the sixteenth regulation, the WTO membership may deviate from the WTO about non-optional choice regulation in safeguard measure and aim at the importing goods that come from China carrying out the Safeguard measure, which makes our country’s exporting situation more and more rigorous. On the other hand, with the further opening of market and constant reducing of tariff, foreign products are going to flood into China, which is possible to t更多还原