空间网格结构施工技术与管理

【作者】 王爱领；

【导师】 束拉；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 结构工程， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 一、概述 随着社会发展与人民生活水平的提高，人们从事社会活动和生产，需要建造大跨度的会堂、展览厅、体育馆、飞机库等大空间建筑，而解决大跨度建筑结构最具有竞争性的结构即是空间结构。在空间结构众多型体中，空间网格结构是半世纪以来，国内外发展最快、应用最广的一种形式。与传统的平面结构相比，网格结构具有独特的优越性，它是把力学的合理性和生产的经济性相结合，建筑美和结构美相结合的结构，为建筑合理的形体，跨越更大的空间提供了可能性和广阔性。空间网格结构包括网架和网壳。网架和网壳结构的种类较多，且不断发展创新。网架和网壳虽同属于空间网格结构，但其力学性质有较大区别，网架在某种意义上其整体受力性能类似于平板，以受弯曲力为主；网壳则接近于连续壳体，结构受力以薄膜力为主。所以施工安装中，不可凭经验认为网架与网壳一致。由于网架(壳)形式较多，网架(壳)具体受力性能与其类型有关。 空间网格结构作为一种复杂的高次超静定结构，在其广泛应用的同时，人们曾认为它是最为安全的结构，一旦一根杆件退出了工作，会由其它杆件帮助其承受外力。然而，工程实际中也发生了许多事故，人们在查找原因时，较少定量地去分析施工因素的影响。事实上，当前网格结构构件的材料质量，加工精度以及施工管理是影响网格结构高质量高水平发展的主要因素。网格结构一般跨度较大，而且多为公共建筑，重要建筑，下面人员众多，设备贵重，网架建在高空，出了问题极难加固。为保证网格结构工程质量，必须加强科学管理。 二、施工项目组织管理 网架(壳)安装企业在现场施工安装前，首先应建立与工程项目施工活动相适应的项目现场组织机构，通过对施工项目组织形式设计的原则和依据论述，给出了网格结构施工项目组建的步骤：项目分析；目标划分；工作划分；确定机构及职责；确定人员及职责。论述了网格结构施工项目现场组织常用的两种形式：直线制和直线职能制。在组建项目组织时，施工项目经理占有举足轻重的地位，他还是施工项目管理的中心，是项目目标的全面实现者，即要对建设单位的成果性目标负责，又要对企业效率性目标负责，施工项目经理重要的地位也确定了其特殊的责、权、利，施工项目经理应合理地使用权力，严格地履行自己的职责，建立高效的组织机构，对项目进行管理，完成项目目标。 三、现场技术管理和施工方法 施工项目技术管理是生产要素管理中重要一项。在网格结构施工现场技术管理中，确定科学的施工方案是重点。在确定施工方案前，必须选择合理的施工方法，网格结构常用的施工方法有高空散装法、分条或分块安装法、整体吊装法、整体提升法、整体顶升法等六种。每种施工方法都有各自相对的适用范围及特点，也各有自己的施工操作注意事项，在高空散装法和分条或分块安装法中，重点是确定合理的拼装顺序、保证网架的挠度符合要求;高空滑移法应用时要考虑拼装平台搭设、滑移轨道的设置及牵引设备性能。而整体安装法中保证网格结构的同步至关重要。但是无论我们采取哪种施工方法，都必须把握好如下技术关键:(l)搭设稳定可靠的拼装支架。稳定可靠的拼装支架是施工拼装的先决条件，是保证拼装精度，减少积累误差，防止结构下沉，实现安全生产的重要技术措施。(2)变形协同，卸载均衡。卸载过程是使网格结构协同空间受力过程，此间，网格结构发生较大的内力重分布，并逐渐过渡到设计状态，卸载的重要性不次于拼装。(3)控制测量定位，及时纠偏可以有效地实施过程控制，保证拼装精度及安装质量。 技术管理中除了要确定科学的施工方案外，还要建立相应的管理制度。施工项目经理在现场技术管理中要发挥积极作用，作好其技术工作。四、质量管理 全面质量管理是全企业、全过程、全员的管理，本文以一个案例，给出了全面质量管理在网架施工中的应用。对于网架(壳)材料、构配件质量控制，从螺栓球、高强螺栓的质量要求出发，认为螺栓球和高强螺栓产生裂纹的原因是锻造或热处理工艺不当引起，因此建议一旦发现裂纹，应作整批报废处理。 施工完毕后的网格结构必须进行验收评定，网格结构安装工程质量的验评是确保结构质量的基础性工作。为使验收评定工作更为科学、合理、客观，文中根据我国网格结构验收特点通过对网格结构工程质量因素和层次结构的研究，建立了网格结构安装工程质量多级模糊综合评判，利用AHP法进行了第一级质量因素权重的确定，并通过一实例论述了该模型的应用。五、工程实例 详细论述了一个工程实例，将河南省某网壳工程施工经验及实验数据进行了总结。六、结语 通过对网格结构现场组织技术管理、质量管理等探讨和总结，得出一些有益结论，特别通过一个具体工程实践，总结了施工中的丰富经验，以期为今后类似结构的设计和施工起到抛砖引玉的效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 一、 SummarizationWith the development of society and the improvement of people’ s living standard, people engage in social activities and productions, demand to construct many large span structures such as auditoria, exhibition hall, gym, air shed. Space structures are most competitive and suitable structural shape to solve the problem of erecting wide span building structure. Among all the structural shapes of space structure, space grid structures is a kind of form which has been applied most extensive and develop most rapidly at home and abroad since century. Compared with traditional plane structure, space grid structures possess many unique superiorities, it is a structure that combine mechanical rationality and manufacturing economy, architecture beauty and structural beauty, it provide probability and extensity to erect structures with rational form and spanning more space. Space grid structures consist of latticed frame and reticulated shell, latticed frame and reticulated shell have many structural form, those forms will be developed and innovated continuously. Both latticed frame and reticulated shell are space grid structures, but their mechanical property has many difference, the integral stressing performance have analogy with slab in a sense, it mainly bear bending force; then reticulated shell is mainly stress membrane fore, the integral mechanical property is similar to continuous shell. So in course of construction and installation, the attributions of latticed frame and reticulated shell cannot be considered completely identical. By reason of latticed frame (shell) has lots of forms, the concert stress performance is depend on its individual form.As a kind of complex higher-order hyperstatic structure, space grid structures was ever considered as a most safe structure when it is applied widely, once a stick of member quit working, other member would help it to endure external force. Whereas many accidents have also occurred in engineering practice, the influence of construction factor is less quantitatively analyzed when the reasons of the accident are finding. In fact, stuff quality of space grid structures member, manufacturing accuracy and construction management are major factor that influence development with high quality and high-level of space grid structures, space grid structures commonly with large span, and more is public buildings, important buildings, mass man under it, dearness equipments on it, erecting at high level, hardest strengthen when happen problems. In order to guarantee construction quality of space grid structures, scientific management must be strengthen.二、 Construction project organizationLatticed frame (shell) installation enterprise should set up project site organization institution adapted to project construction activities firstly before constructing and installing in the site, through discussing the designed principle and basis of construction project organization, the step of construction item organization of space grid structures are related as follows: project analysis, object working, agency and function determination, personnel and duty definition. The staple two forms of space grid structures construction item site organization are discussed: straight line system and line function system. Construction item manager play a major role on setting up organization of project team, he is the center of construction item administering, and comprehensive implementor of project object, must in charge of outcome object of construction unit, as well as with responsibility for enterprise efficiency object, construction item manager s consequence also establish his special duty, power, benefit, construction item manager should use rights reasonably, perform his own duty strictly, set up high performance organization , manage project scientifically, finish item object successfully.三、 Site technical management and construction methodsConstruction project technical management is an important item of production factor management. Written更多还原