【作者】 靳瑰丽；

【导师】 安沙舟； 孟林；

【作者基本信息】 新疆农业大学 ， 草业科学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 草地资源对社会存在和发展起重要作用，但草地资源利用效率不高，退化日趋严重，影响到草地资源的可持续发展。因此，如何在空间、时间上合理利用草地资源显得尤为重要。目前，草地资源资料更新速度不能满足生产发展需求，以及畜牧业和种植业生产效益低、协同性差等方面严重制约着草地资源时空利用优化格局的制定和实施。本文选择天山北坡西部草地畜牧业区昭苏县（军马场），进行草地资源利用优化格局的研究。首先进行草地资源分布格局的研究，将景观生态学格局思想融入草地分类学划分草地资源为5个草地资源类；13个草地资源亚类；22个草地资源型，方便了草地资源的利用和调查，并进行了“3S”技术快捷、准确调查草地资源方法的探讨。同时采用景观格局特征分析法和草畜平衡法进行草地资源利用现状分析，以此为依据，以景观生态学、草地资源学以及生态置换理论为指导，结合研究区域具体情况，实行暖季放牧155d，冷季舍饲210d的生产方式，将草地资源总体格局划分为：退牧区、休牧区、暖季放牧区3个区和退耕还草地、割草地、人工饲草料地、舍饲区4个辅助地带，并具体设计了暖季放牧区的梯度轮牧方式，确定最大载畜量为144000羊单位，实现草地资源的保护及修复，真正作到以草定畜。在此基础上优化畜牧业与种植业草畜耦合系统，在设计的3个方案中确立最优方案为方案Ⅲ。优化后的畜群周转由现行的春羔生产转变为实行两年三胎繁育制度；优化后的种植业粮经草比例由现行系统的3.90：5.94：0.16，改变为0.31：0.38：9.31；同时外购玉米4471655.76 kg，麦麸187049.53 kg，饼粕1688061.25kg，确保舍饲的实现；草畜耦合系统人均收入比现行系统提高76.34%，从而巩固了所提出的草地资源利用优化格局，研究区生态、经济和社会效益能够得到显著提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Rangeland resources play a very important role in the existence and development of the society. Low utilization efficiency and serious degradation confine its sustainable development. So how to use rangeland resources in rational time and space becomes very significant. At present, the renovation speed of rangeland resource information does not adapt to the requirement of production, the production profits of stockbreeding and cultivation are lower, and the cooperation of them is not perfect etc. These aspects seriously limit to establish and implement the optimized time-space utilization pattern of rangeland resources. In the thesis, Zhaosu county, the rangeland-husbandry area in the western part of the northern slope in the Tianshan Mountains, is selected as the representative area to study the optimized utilization pattern of rangeland resources. Firstly, the idea of landscape ecology pattern is integrated into rangeland classification to research the distributing pattern of rangeland resources, and the rangeland resources at Zhaosu county are classified into 5 types, 13 sub-types and 22 third-types, which give facilities for using and investigating rangeland resources and discuss the methods of rapidly and exactly investigating rangeland resources based on 3S. Secondly, the methods of Landscape Pattern Characteristic Analysis and Forage-animal Balance are adopted to analyze the utilization situation of rangeland resources. And then, guided by the theories of landscape ecology, rangeland resources and rangeland ecological exchange, we put forward and implement the feeding system which is grazing for 155d in warm-season and yard feeding for 210d in cold-season, and get the utilization pattern of rangeland resources which includes 3 sections (decreased-grazing rangeland, non-grazing rangeland and warm-grazing rangeland) and 4 supplemental sections (decreased-cultivating grassland, mowed rangeland, artificial grassland and yard-feeding place). The measure of gradient-grazing in the warm-grazing land is planed, and it can hold 144000 sheep units. These measures would protect and renovate rangeland resources. The research also optimizes the coupling system of stockbreeding and cultivation, and three projects are put forward. Among the three projects, the project Ⅲ is the most optimized one, which makes livestock production changed from one spring-lamp to three lamps every two years, the plantation scale of crops：oil plants：forages is changed from 3.90:5.94:0.16 to 0.31:0.38:9.31. The study shows that yard feeding can be realized, per capita increases 76.34%, and the optimized utilization pattern of rangeland resource is confirmed. The ecological and economic as well as society benefit would be evidently increased.更多还原