【作者】 王新波；

【导师】 刘萍；

【作者基本信息】 西北师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 社会认知是一个宏大的研究领域。社会判断是社会认知的重要方面，它贯穿于社会认知(社会知觉、社会印象和社会思维)的全过程，主要包括对社会物、社会人和社会事件三类对象的判断加工。 样例是与当前要判断的靶子所属范畴相似的客体的一种认知表征。在社会认知中，人们会基于社会样例与靶子之间微小的相似之处(如名字、发型、嗜好、特长等)，而将样例的其它人格特征统统赋予靶子，并会以此为基础进行随后的认知加工。这种心理现象被称为样例激活效应。 本研究以目前国际心理学界方兴未艾的样例研究为切入点，通过社会判断中样例激活效应的深入研究，对该效应存在的广度、条件、作用强度、指向及与其它社会心理现象的关系等进行系统探讨，以期发现蕴藏其中的心理规律，为社会认知的理论研究和实践应用提供一定的参考。研究由5个系列实验组成，以大学生和研究生为被试，采用了自陈量表法、评定量表法、信号检测论法、投射测验法和情境测验等多种方法。研究结果表明： (1)在社会判断的各对象领域(社会物、社会人和社会事件)中都存在强大的样例激活效应，无论强启动、还是弱启动条件下都表现出外显或内隐的存在，并且都表现为“同化效应”。 (2)样例激活效应的存在和产生作用有赖于一定的条件。首先，启动的有效性、强度，以及判断时机等影响着效应的产生和强度。其次，靶子效价、靶子所属范畴、消极词效应、他相关效应和刻板印象标签等在社会判断过程中会与样例激活效应发生方向不一的交互作用，并共同影响着社会判断加工。此外，刺激呈现时的关联效应、刺激与靶子间的联系密切程度也都对样例激活效应存在一定影响。 (3)以上结论可以对个人印象管理，以及教育教学、组织管理和政府行为中的评估督导、人格塑造及舆论宣传等具有一定的指导意义。我们可以运用这些基本规律，有效利用效应的有利方面，消除其不良影响，避免认知偏差，做到判断的相对客观与公正。更多还原

【Abstract】 Social cognition is a great research area. As one of the basic forms of social thinking, social judgment is an important part of social cognition, and exists in all its three stages: social perception, social impression and social thinking. The targets of social judgment include social objects, social persons and social events.A social exemplar is a cognitive representation of an individual of the same type as the current target of judgment. All the personalities of an exemplar may be attributed to a target only based on her/his resemblance with the exemplar, and it may affect subsequent processing. Researchers call this as exemplar-activation effect.Through the investigation of the condition, function, intensity, direction and relations with other mental phenomena of the exemplar-activation effects in social judgment, the present serial experiments aim to find the law of exemplar-activation effects, and then to provide some references to the theoretical researches and appliance of social cognition. This systematic study consists of five experiments. Subjects are college students and postgraduates. Various study methods, such as self-report scale, assessment scale, SDT, projective technique and situational test, are employed in the experiments. The main results suggest that:(1) The exemplar-activation effects exist explicitly or implicitly in both strong and weak priming conditions in all the areas of social judgment, and take the forms of assimilation effect.(2) The existing and effecting of exemplar-activation effects need certain conditions. Firstly, the validity and intensity of priming and the timing of judgment affect the effecting and intensity of exemplar-activation effects. Secondly, in the process of social judgment, the valence and category of targets, negative-word effect, other-relevant effect and stereotype have interactions with the exemplar-activation effects in different directions, and all of these effects affect the processing of social judgment together. In addition, the target-showing relation effect and the level of the relation between stimuli and exemplars affect the existing of exemplar-activation effects.(3) All the conclusions above have some guidable functions to individual impression management as well as the assessment, personality training, publicity work in school education, organizational management and government behaviors. These basic laws can be used to get benefits from taking advantages and eliminating disadvantages of exemplar-activation effects. In this way, some cognitive biases may be avoided effectively and the judgment will be more objective.更多还原