【作者】 徐耀波；

【导师】 文成敬；

【作者基本信息】 四川农业大学 ， 微生物学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 从2002年3月到2003年2月，在四川省雅安市代料栽培平菇和香菇的种植户中采集被真菌污染的培养料，进行真菌分离和鉴定。研究结果表明，平菇代料栽培中的污染真菌有粘帚霉属（Gliocladium spp.）、木霉属（Trichoderma spp.）、青霉属（Penicillium spp.）、曲霉属（Aspergillus spp.）、毛壳菌属（Chaetomium spp.）、根霉属（Rhizopus spp.）和毛霉属（Mucor spp.）等7个属的真菌，其中粘帚霉、木霉和青霉的平均分离频率分别为57.62％、10.32％和7.85％，是平菇代料栽培中主要的污染真菌；所分离到的42株木霉中有21株是长枝木霉（T. longibrachiatum），占50％，其余21株属于4种木霉分别为：哈茨木霉（T. harzianum）、绿色木霉（T. viride）、桔绿木霉（T. citrinoviride）和黄绿木霉（T. aureoviride）。香菇代料栽培中的污染真菌有木霉属（Trichoderma spp.）、毛霉属（Mucor spp.）、链孢霉属（Monilia spp.）、根霉属（Rhizopus spp.）、轮枝霉属（Verticillium spp.）、曲霉属（Aspergillus spp.）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）等7个属的真菌，其中木霉、毛霉、链孢霉和根霉的平均分离频率分别为74.11％、7.14％、6.59％和4.08％，是香菇代料栽培中主要的污染真菌；所分离到的296株木霉中有265株是哈茨木霉，占89.53％，19株是绿色木霉，占6.42％，其余12株属于4种木霉分别为：康氏木霉（T. koningii）、长枝木霉、黄绿木霉和钩状木霉（T. hamatum）。 选取分离频率较高的几类污染真菌与平菇和香菇进行生物学特性比较研究后发现，主要污染真菌木霉和粘帚霉适宜在较高的温度(25℃～30’（2）、较低的pH（pH5）下生长；当温度降低到20℃或pH升高到pH9时，木霉和粘帚霉的菌丝生长速度急剧下降，而平菇的菌丝生长速度变化不大，香菇的菌丝生长速度受温度变化的影响也不大。PDA平板上的对峙培养表明，粘帚霉和绿色木霉能覆盖平菇的菌落继续生长，哈茨木霉和绿色木霉能覆盖香菇的菌落继续生长。5种常用的无公害杀菌剂（多菌灵、使百克、甲基托布津、代森锰锌和多抗霉素）对主要污染真菌木霉和粘帚霉室内抑制作用的测定结果表明：25mg/l多菌灵能强烈地抑制绿色木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉（Gl₁）的菌丝生长，0.25mg/l使百克能强烈地抑制哈茨木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉（Gl₁、Gl₂）的菌丝生长，且1mg/l的使百克对哈茨木霉、长枝木霉和粘帚霉（Gl₁、Gl₂）的孢子萌发抑制率可达94％以上，而且多菌灵和使百克在上述浓度下对平菇和香菇菌丝生长抑制作用不明显，因而可以用于防治平菇和香菇代料栽培中的粘帚霉和木霉的污染。更多还原

【Abstract】 The substrate fungal contamination was researched in the substitute cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes from March 2002 to February 2003 in Yaan, Sichuan. The contaminative fungi were isolated respectively in the polluted cultivation substrate of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes. The results of identification indicated that in the substitute cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus, the most predominant contaminative fungi was Gliocladium spp., the isolation frequency of which was 57.62%, other important fungi were Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Chaetomium spp., Rhizopus spp., Mucor spp. as well as some unidentified fungi, their isolation frequencies were respectively 10.32%, 7.85%, 4.41%, 3.72%, 2.79%, 1.52% and 11.22%. And among the total 42 Trichoderma spp isolates, 21 isolates were T. longibrachiatum, others belonged to T. harzianum, T. viride, T. citrinoviride and T. aureoviride. However, in the substitute cultivation of Lentinus edodes, the most predominant contaminative fungi was Trichoderma spp., the isolation frequency of which was 74.11%, other important fungi were Mucor spp., Monilia spp., Rhizopus spp., Verticillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp. and some unidentified fungi , their isolation frequencies were respectively 7.14%, 6.59%, 4.08%, 1.36%, 0.74%, 0.53% and 5.45%. And among the total 296 Trichoderma spp. isolates which isolated from the cultivation of Lentinus edodes, 265 isolates were T. harzianum, 19 isolates were T. viride, others belonged to T.koningii, T. longibrachiatum, T. aureoviride and T. hamatum.The growth rates of three strains of Trichoderma spp. and two strains of Gliocladium spp., selected from the most predominant contaminative fungi, had been compared with those of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes at different temperature and pH. The results showed that Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. suited to grow at higher temperature (25℃-30℃) and lower pH (pH5), and the hyphal growth rates of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. decreased sharply as the temperature went down to 20℃ or the pH got up to pH9, but the hyphal growth rates of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes didn’t change very much. In dual culture, Gliocladium spp. and T. viridecould overrun the colonies of Pleurotus ostreatus, T. harzianum and T. viride could overrun the colonies ofLentinus edodes.The inhibitory effects of 5 common environmental friendly fungicides (Carbendazim, Prochloraz, Thiophanate-methyl, Mancozeb and Polyoxin) on Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes were tested. The results demonstrated that Carbendazim 25mg/l strongly inhibited the hyphal growth of T. viride, T.longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp., and Prochloraz 0.25 mg/l strongly inhibited the hyphal growth of T. hamatum, T. longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp.. Furthermore, Prochloraz 1mg/l strongly inhibited spore germination of T.hamatum, T.longibrachiatum and Gliocladium spp., the inhibitory rates of spore germination were more than 94%. However, Carbendazim 25 mg/l and Prochloraz 0.25 mg/l hardly inhibited the hyphal growth of Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes .更多还原