汉魏六朝小说中的汉武帝故事

【作者】 赵蓉涛；

【导师】 张稔穰； 杜豫；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 在整个小说史研究中，汉魏六朝小说因其文体的模糊性、概念的复杂性、文献记载的驳杂性始终没有成为研究的重点。目前的研究主要集中在对具体作家作品、整体特征、题材分类，艺术风貌等的分析和揭示上，很少绕开志怪、志人的藩篱去探讨和关注某一类叙事系统。 汉武帝作为一个历史上的实有人物，从史籍的记载中走向汉魏六朝小说，留下了太多的研究生长点。这一时期，人们的精神空间大为开阔，思想异常活跃，文化环境较为宽松，艺术也空前繁荣，知识分子在继承和重审旧有思想体系的基础上，开始构建他们的知识、思想和信仰世界。在这种时代和思想文化背景下，涌现了一大批反映上层统治阶级政治和日常生活的小说作品。尽管作者抱着各自不同的目的来创作小说，但都企图通过自己的叙述，实现个体的某种愿望和要求。用今天的眼光来看，这些作品也在客观上呈现和反映出某些业已逝去的历史真实。汉武帝，作为一个历史上曾存活过的封建帝王，“于汉世盛于群主”(郭宪《洞冥记》序)，而又颇存争议，颇具传奇色彩。在汉魏六朝小说家笔下，他得到了丰富和生动的演绎，从而催生出大量的、与历史记载有着神秘和复杂联系的故事系统。并且，这些故事系统贯穿于自汉至六朝的多种小说作品中，以各种不同的面目出现。这种题材分布的广泛性和植根于特殊时代背景的独异性吸引了我们关注的目光。 像大多数的汉魏六朝小说一样，关于武帝故事的记载多为丛残小语，且凌乱芜杂。这就迫使我们钩稽爬梳、竭泽而渔，尽可能多地占有原始资料，把这些零散的故事片段归拢整理成整饬的体系，从总体上加以关照。通过对材料的细读和分析处理，进而归纳出在体系内部有规律的类型和特点；然后在此基础上凸显武帝形象的内蕴，从而在论证效果上完成对汉魏六朝小说中武帝故事认识价值和文学价值的揭示。 汉武帝作为在中国历史上发挥过重大作用、有着深远影响的封建帝0 王，他走进文学，在小说家笔下又呈现出堪与历史文湘参照的另类 面目．所以我们在探讨小说中的汉武帝故亨的同时，就不可能绕开历 史．子是我们运用后现代主义历史学关于历史和文本的理论观点，把 小说和历史文树汉武帝的叙述加以参照对比，说明：汉魏六朝小说 以其创作观念的规定性决定了其可能录载了大量不为史传所取的历史 事实，足堪与历史文林B参照，从不同的侧面丰富、充实历史文本， 帮助我们认识和重审武帝及其时代。诞生于汉魏六朝这一特定的时代 背景下的汉武帝故事具有相当大的认识价值，远非“史之余”所能涵 盖。而这一点却往往被研究者有意无意地忽略。 全文分五大部分． 绪论主要交代了课题的研究意义、思路和研究现状． 第一部分是“汉武帝故事的文学文献承载＼ 系统细致地梳理了从 汉至六朝i己载汉武帝故事的 14部小说的有关问题。包括：作者、版本、 成书年代、记载汉武帝故事的情况等．这一部分力求在去伪存真、去。粗取精、严密考证的基础上，彻底搞清研究对象的外部状况。 这是整个研究＋tiL的基点。 第二部分就从文本内部着眼，把这些掀零落的故事归纳整理成三 种主要类型：求仙故事、出巡与奇遇事、政治与日常生活事．论证的 重点放在求仙故事上。按照文本内部暗存的逻辑规律，提出并论证求 仙故事隐含的五个逻辑层次：武帝出生前后奇异事是武帝求仙之深层 铺垫；广起亭台殿阁是求仙的具体举措；武帝之与大臣方士的关系为 求仙的中间环节；广捏博纳珍异奇物是求仙之住证和注脚；晚年之懊 悔、未及长生和身后悲凉事则揭示出武帝求仙的内在悼论与反讽．指 出：小说作者在叙事酬时，把武帝求仙活动的现象表征作层层的渲 染和铺叙，但又对求仙活动的最终结果进行了另类的交代，才使得求 仙故事呈现悸论与反讽的态势；而对这种态势的消解和狮，恰恰又 暗蕴在文本的叙迷之下，这两个过程的开展是同步而行的。出巡与奇 遇事多为正史所不载，在这些故事中，我们感受到的是一个神秘而又 真实的汉武帝；政治和日常生活事则不似求仙故事那般离奇和怪诞， 2 多 乡 有着切实可感的生活气息与血肉丰满的人倩味． 第三部分则在渊归纳了汉武帝故事的主要类型拈，把所有的 汉武帝故事作为整体铡照，从中探察这些故事凸显出来的总体特征． 从故事的演变、内容、与历史的关系、文化特征等四个角度加以具体 阐释．蹦为?更多还原

【Abstract】 In the whole study of the novels history, Han Dynasty, Wei kingdom and Six-Dynasty novels was not always the emphasis because of its dim literary form, complex concept, and mixed record in document. Now our study has been mainly gathered in its author and works, entirety character, theme classification, and analysis of its art style and features, etc. They seldom made a detour from the novels in ghost record and human record to explored and paid close attention to one of the narrative systems.As a real character in history, Hanwu Emperor has been left much grow space from history works to Six-Dynasty novels. In this period, people’s spirit space was fully wide; thought was unusually active, cultural circumstances were comparatively flourishing. In the particular background of culture and thought, many novels about ruling class’s politics and daily life were emerged in large numbers. The authors all wanted to realize their particular wishes and demands through their narration in spit of their all kinds of aims in novels creation. In our modern eye, however, these novels still objectively present and reflect some true of history which had already been died.As a real emperor in history, Hanwu Emperor has been fully described by the novelists in Han Dynasty, in Wei Kingdom, and in the Six-Dynasty period, and a lot of story systems in relate to history record has been produced. And, these story systems appeared in all kinds of features in these novels. Its extensive theme and peculiar background have a strong appeal to our study sight.Just like other Six-Dynasty novels, Hanwu Emperor- Story records were very short, confused and disordered. Thus we have to make up our minds to occupy the original materials much to the full, and put all the stories together in order to study then on the whole. We want to induce thestypes and characters which were hidden in the system interior through attentive read and analysis; then, on the base of former study, we can excavate the intension of Hanwu Emperor, and promulgate the values of realization and literature finally in the demonstration effect.The full texts include five sections."The Introduction" mainly introduces the study meaning, train of thought, and study present situation about the problem.Section one is the "Document Records of Hanwu Emperor Story". In this section, we have been combed the problems concerned carefully and systematically from 14 novels in Hanwu Dynasty and Six-Dynasty. Those are concluding: author, edition, period of works, records of Hanwu Emperor Stories, etc. In the part we will thoroughly grasp the target’s external condition on the base of tightly textual research. This will be the basic point of the whole study.hi section two, we have the interior of the text hi the mind, and put the scattered stories together hi three types: worshiping the immortals story; inspection and happy encounter story; politics and living story. The focal point is the fist type.After we have been analyses and induced the main story types, the third section would look on all the Emperor Hanwu Stories as a whole, and explore then" total character. From the development, content, relation to history, cultural character of the stories, we conclude four points: l.the locus of the stories evolution becomes simplifier and simplifier; 2.the editions which the stories were record differ hi many ways. 3. The relationship about the stories and history become delicate and complex; 4. These stories have been strongly enveloped by some mysticism color.In the last section, we put the emphasis on the intension of the character of Emperor Hanwu. Those follows: 1. a emperor of imperious, capricious, crave for greatness and success and a common man of true tolife; 2. a enlightened emperor of astute intelligent and capable, reasonable and a ordinary person and layman of selfish, greedy, which was bent on immortals. 3. the inherent paradox of Emperor Hanwu character. Through the deep analysis of the three aspects above, we could discover the complex更多还原