【作者】 江东灿；

【导师】 熊大信；

【作者基本信息】 江西财经大学 ， 金融学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 银行的安全经营对国家经济的稳健发展至关重要，这使得银行监管一直被政府当局重视，并成为确保银行业充当好信用中介和支付中介的重要手段。随着经济技术的发展、金融深化的加速和我国加入WTO，我国银行经营发生了很大变化，也因此产生了一些新的银行风险。相对这些新风险，银行监管明显落后，一些监管理念、法律法规、监管方式方法已不再适用。如何提高监管能力改变这种状况是监管当局面临的一个重要议题。本文就是针对这一议题做出分析和研究。 第一部分是理论部分，包括银行监管的含义、理论基础、监管的目标、内容和原则。当今银行业务的复杂性，使银行监管有着极丰富的含义。银行体系的负外部性，信息不完备和信息不对称，银行体系的公共产品特性，银行自由竞争的悖论使得必须实施银行监管。银行监管目标是实现有效监管的前提和监管当局采取监管行动的依据。世界各国都认为，银行监管的目标应该是建立和维护一个稳定、健全和高效的银行体系，保证金融市场的健康发展，从而保护金融活动各方特别是存款人的利益，推动经济和金融的发展。银行监管内容主要有三个方面，即市场准入的监管、市场运作过程的监管、市场退出的监管。在监管过程中，监管当局也必须遵守一定的原则。 第二部分是经验借鉴，介绍了美国、日本和印度的银行监管及给我国的启示。美国实行的是双线多头的监管模式：联邦政府和各州政府监管商业银行；货币监管总署(OCC)、美联储、联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)、州保险监管署(SIC)对商业银行进行监督和管理。日本通过金融监管改革，至2001年为止，已形成一个以金融厅为核心、独立的中央银行和存款保险机构共同参与、地方财务局受托监管的新的金融监管体制基本框架。印度实行的是“一元化”银行监管体制：由印度储备银行统一对银行实施监管。由于各个国家的具体情况不同，我们不能照搬美日监管模式。 第三部分概括了银行业发生的变化及给监管造成的问题。改革开放20多年来，尤其是人民银行独立行使中央银行职能以来，我国的金融监管工作在构建金融监管组织体系、建立监管指标体系、构建监管法律体系、完善金融监管内容等方面都取得了很大的成绩。但形势变化给银行监管提出了新的要求。 我国实行的是分业经营、分业监管。但近来出现的金融控股公司、银证合作、银保合作等隐性混业经营使得现行金融监管制度相对落后，出现了监管真空或重复监管。银行、证券、保险之间业务的混合不仅削弱了分业监管的业务基础，而且银行、证券、保险业之间资金和业务往来的日益密切增加了分业监管的难度。现行分业监管过程中，大都采用机构性监管，以业务审批制方式进行管理。这样，当不同金融机构业务日益交叉时，一项新业务的推出通常需要经过多个部门长时间的协调才能完成。另外，有的新业务处于不同金融机构业务边缘，成为交叉性业务。对于这些新业务，既可能导致监管重复，也可能出现监管缺位。 伴随着信息技术的发达和英特网的出现，网络银行也孕育而生。中国的网络银行在这几年也迅猛发展。网络银行的出现使传统银行业务操作方式，经营管理模式等方面产生了革命性的变革，与传统银行相比，其面临的风险也表现了极大的特殊性。除了传统银行所具有的信用风险、流动性风险、市场风险等以外，更多的还是大量的基于其自身的特点的业务风险，如操作风险、市场信号风险、法律风险等。网络银行在方便客户的同时，又使得传统的银行监管体系很难完全直接适用于对网络银行的有效监管。在监管规则、监管方式、监管模式、监管原则、监管体制等方面，挑战传统的银行监管。 1979年，我国拉开了银行业对外开放的序幕，允许外资银行在华设立代表处。引进外资银行在有利于我国经济建设和完善金融市场的同时，也给暴露了一些监管中存在的问题：一，外资银行立法的目的、原则存在问题。从外资银行立法可以看出，我国对外资银行采取有限保护主义的单方面优惠待遇，对外资银行业务进行严格限制的同时给予各种优惠条件。二，外资银行监管法律体系尚不完善，仅有《中华人民共和国外资金融机构管理条例》、《中国人民银行关于外资金融机构在中国设立常驻代表机构的管理办法》、《外资金融机构驻华代表机构管理办法》等这几个法规来实现对外资银行的监管。而这几部有关外资银行监管的法规过于笼统，缺乏相应的实施细则与配套规定。三，监管制度与方式存在缺陷。目前参与外资银行管理的有中国人民银行外事局、稽核局、外汇管理局、国务院的有关机构。这种多头的管理方式导致监管机构的分工不明、关系不协调并影响其高效运转。在监管内容和监管手段上仍主要处于合规性监管阶段，谨慎监管规定不足。四，具体监管措施存在缺陷。在事前监管中，我国审批外资银行程序还缺乏透明 2 度。在事中和事后监管中，我国对外资银行监管过于宽松。 第四部分是本文重点，对完善我国银行监管做出了一些建议。为了提高和完更多还原

【Abstract】 The bank’s safe management is important to the national economy steady development, which make the bank’s supervision to be paid attention to by government authorities, and become important means to insure the banks serve as credit intermediate and payment intermediate. With the development of economy technology, the acceleration of finance deepen and join the WTO, our the bank’s operation take place a lot of changes, therefore produce some new bank risks. Comparative to these new risks, the bank’s supervision obviously fall behind, and some principles, laws and codes, the supervision method have already no longer applied. How to increase the supervision ability so as to change this kind of condition is an important subject to the supervision authorities. The paper is to aim at this subject to do the analysis and study.The first part is theories part, including the meanings, theories foundation, and the targets, the contents and the principles of bank’s supervision. The complexity of the now bank business make the meanings of bank supervision abundant. The bank supervision must be done as the negative exterior of the bank system, the imperfection and dissymmetry of information, the public product characteristic of the bank system, the contrary theory of the bank free competition. The targets of bank supervision are the premise of realizing effective supervision, and the authorities supervise according to it. Many countries think that the targets of bank’s supervision should be established and maintain a stable healthy effective bank system, guarantee the financial market healthy development, protect the financial parts especially depositor, push the economy and finance development. The bank supervision contents primarily contain three aspects: the market entering supervision, the market operation process supervision, the market exiting supervision. In the process of supervision the authorities also must obey certain principles.The second part introduces American, Japanese and Indian bank’s supervision as well as enlightenments to us. What the United States practice is two lines and a few parts supervision mode. The federal government and each state government supervise the commercial banks; The OCC, FRS, FDIC, SIC precede the direct commercial banksupervision. Japan has formed a new financial supervision frame taking the financial department as core, independent Central Bank and deposit insurance organization together participation, local finance bureau entrusted supervision till 2001 by the financial reformation. The Indian Reserve Bank single supervise in India. Due to every country is different, we can not copy these country bank supervision code.The third part generalizes the changes of banking and supervision problems. Since reform and open more than 20 years, particularly the people bank independently exercises central bank function, our country supervision works have gotten many achievements including fabricating organizations, index system, law system and perfecting supervision contents. With the situations changing, some new circumstances appear which puts forward the new requests for the bank supervision.What our country practices is separated operation and separated supervision. But recently the financial holding company, bank-securities cooperation, bank -insurance cooperation etc appear, which make the current finance supervision system fall behind, appear to supervision vacuum or repetition supervision. The admixture of bank, securities and insurance not only weakened the business foundation, but also capital circulation among bank, securities and insurance and the increasingly osculation of the businesses increase the supervision difficulty .we current adopt mostly the organization supervision, manage through businesses examining and approval. So when the different financing institution business crosses increasingly, releasing a new business usually need go through several sections long coordination then can be completed. In addition, the new business become a cross business at t更多还原