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中国会计标准国际化研究

Researches on Chinese Accounting Standards Internationalization

【作者】 刘豫

【导师】 刘俊;

【作者基本信息】 江西财经大学 , 会计学, 2003, 硕士

【摘要】 随着经济的日益全球化和信息技术革命的加速,会计作为国际通用的商业语言,在促进国际贸易、国际资本流动和国际经济交流等方面的作用显得更为突出,加快会计标准国际化的步伐显得日益紧迫。与此同时,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)审时度势,于本世纪初及时地完成了战略重组,将制定一套单一的、高质量的、全球范围内普遍适用的国际财务报告准则(IFRS)纳入其战略目标。基于此,本文试将中国会计标准与国际会计准则进行比较,结果发现:国际会计准则由于基于一种全球环境下的考虑,其内容覆盖面上远超出我国会计标准涉猎的范畴;国际会计准则的主要内容在于确认、计量和披露,强调会计政策选择上的一致性,而我国会计标准则强调会计科目、收入、费用归类口径上的一致,在会计政策选择的规范上则显得有些随意。 同时,从另一个角度,会计标准上的不一致性在某种程度上折射出不同经济体制、社会环境、法律体系、文化背景等环境因素上的差异。那么,会计标准国际化是否应该受制于环境因素?在以前学者的研究中,我们可以看到,他们已找到的大量可能影响各国会计差异的原因,英国著名会计学家克里斯托弗·诺比斯和罗伯特·帕克所著的《比较国际会计》中认为差异的原因来源于外部环境、法律体系、资金提供者等八个方面。人们认为,各国的会计标准间的差异有可能是各国具体环境上的差异造成的。 为此,本文在比较了中国会计标准与国际会计准则差异的基础上,通过分析不同会计支撑环境对会计的影响,说明社会环境,尤其是经济环境在某种程度上造成了各国会计上的差异,影响了会计标准国际化的发展。笔者在参考了国外研究成果的基础上,假定了资本市场、法律体系、税收制度、职业界、文化环境、偶然性六个主要的影响因素,对我国会计标准的支撑环境进行分析,并与国际环境进行比较。研究发现,虽然人们研究会计时常常以会计目标或会计基本假设为逻辑起点,但是无论是会计目标还是会计假设其实都来自于社会环境。我国经济环境的特殊性在一定程度上催生了会计标准的特殊性:(1)受证券市场发达程度所限,造成一些标准的自然空白;(2)由于企业对证券市场筹资的依赖性较弱,导致对于公开会计信息的需求不那么强烈;(3)大陆法系对条文化的注重,使会计标准更具有权威性和统一性;(4)会计职业界的地位直接影响注册会计师执业的独立性;(5)由于上市公司中国有股本的大比重,导致会计信息具有向作为主要投资者的政府服务的倾向;(6)会计法规与税收法规相分离的做法,更好的贯彻了稳健性原则;(7)中国传统文化上的集体主义取向决定了会计标准具有的较高权威性。 从上述分析我们可以看到,不同的环境要素会对会计标准产生不同层面的影响。会计是一门社会科学,不可避免地受到政治、经济、法律、教育、文化等诸多社会环境因素的影响,各国的会计研究成果都有其适用的国家环境和特殊背景。 然而,就在世界各国向会计标准国际化纷纷迈进的时候,笔者却发现如何使制度成本与交易成本达到最小化,经济利益最大化成为其道路上的一大障碍。本文直接从科斯定理入手,一方面,会计标准是规范会计活动的,会计活动就是在会计标准这一产权制度下的交易活动,会计活动的成本就是交易费用。不同的会计标准下,会计活动的交易费用也不相同,应该选择使会计活动的费用相对最低的会计标准;而另一方面,会计标准本身的制订、实施,也是有成本的,而且,这种制度成本的高低,成为选择制定何种制度、如何制订以及如何实施等的依据。所以,对不同的制度、一种制度的不同设计、要不要建立相应的制度、要不要变革以及如何变革制度,是同样存在着选择的必要的。所以,在理想的前景下,某一会计标准内容的确定、会计标准外在形式的选择、会计标准的制订过程等,都应尽量满足交易成本与制度成本的和最低。 再则,自20世纪70年代斯蒂芬·泽弗提出经济后果学说后,会计标准的经济影响性引起了人们的广泛关注,其经济后果直接影响社会资源的配置,对财富的分配。基于各国不同的所有制形式、不同的税法制度、不同的利益分配制度、不同的资本结构,各国自然在考虑自身利益的基础上,积极参与到会计标准国际化进程中去,并对其施加影响。 最后,本文在前三方面研究的基础上,提出了与之相对应的看法:会计标准国际化进程不仅仅是标准制定这一技术层面的国际化,而更深层次的影响是来自于不同的社会环境的影响和经济利益的追求。中国作为一个发展中国家,在加入世界贸易组织的新环境下,在市场要素的发育、企业制度的完善、公司治理结构,以及市场经济的理念等方面与发达市场相比还存在一定的差距的基础上,我们要审时度势,在考虑我国现实发展状况的基础上,做好三方面的工作:一、从标准本身来看,应进一步推进中国会计标准的建设。二、发展会计标准的支撑市场,主要是资本市场、监督机制与职业界。三、积极参与国际协调事务,并对其施加影响力。

【Abstract】 Along with the acceleration of information technology and Economy globalization, as a universal business language, accounting shows a more prominent function in boosting international trade, international capital flow and international economic communications. Speeding the march for accounting internationalization becomes an pressuring task. At the same time, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) considered the situation and finished its strategic reengineering, and brought Setting International Financial Reporting Standards which is exclusive, high quality and universally applied into its strategic objectives. Based on that, this article made an comparison between Chinese Accounting Standards and International Accounting Standards, and found: the International Accounting standards’ contents range is far larger than the Chinese one’s, reflecting the former’s global consideration; major contents of the former are reorganization, measurement, and disclosure, and the former emphasizes on the consistency on the selection of accounting policy, while Chinese one emphasizes on the uniformity of account, income and expense’s classifying caliber, and relaxes on ruling on selection of accounting policy.At one time, from another point of view, the differences of accounting standards reflect some diversities of the factors such as various economic system, social environment, jurisprudence, culture background. Well then, should accounting standards internationalization enslaved to environmental factors? In previous researches, many researchers have found a large amount causations may had resulted in the discrepancy between varied countries’ accounting standards. English accounting masters Christopher Nobes and Robert Parker believed in their International Accounting Comparison that the reason for the differences came from exterior environment, jurisprudence, capital provider, etc. It is deemed by many people that the differences between all countries’ accounting standards may be the result of the differences of the countries’ specific environment.Therefore, based on the comparison between Chinese Accounting Standards and International Accounting Standards and the analyses on the influence various accounting supporting environment applied on accounting standards, this article shows it was social environment, esp. the economic environment that led to the differences among varied accounting standards and influenced the development of accounting standards internationalization. On the ground of some foreign former researches, weselected six factors, including capital market, jurisprudence, taxation system, accounting profession, culture environment and contingency, and analyzed Chinese accounting supporting environment and compared it to the international environment, we find that, people often take object or fundamental hypothesis as logic start point during accounting researches, and both accounting object and hypothesis come from social environment. The particularity of Chinese economic environment, in some degree, brought to the particularity of accounting standards:(l)security market is less developed, and hence some standards are vacant;(2) weak rely on security market lead to not so strong need for public accounting information;(3)continent jurisprudence leads to lack of agility of accounting standard; (4)accounting profession’s status directly influences CPA’s independence; (5)that state-owned stocks have big shares makes accounting information lean to serve the major investor-government;(6)the separate of accounting laws and tax laws makes prudence principle better applied;(7) the Chinese traditional collectivism determines that accounting standards have higher authority.We can see from foregoing analyses that different environment factors have different grade influence on accounting standard. Accounting is a subject of social science, and will unavoidably affected by political, economical, legal, educational, culture etc. factors. Accounting researches of different countries have their own viable n

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