【作者】 左一鸣；

【导师】 王开运；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 农药学， 2003， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究针对我国自行开发的抗生素类农药梅岭霉素和其它3种同类药剂，采用浸渍法测定了它们对泰安种群小菜蛾不同龄期幼虫的毒力水平；测定了梅岭霉素对多种昆虫和螨类的毒力，进一步验证了梅岭霉素的杀虫范围；采用多种毒力作用测定方法，测定了梅岭霉素对小菜蛾的毒力，明确了其作用方式；测定了梅岭霉素对害虫、害螨卵的生物活性，研究了在自然环境中施用梅岭霉素的持效期；测定了增效剂对梅岭霉素的增效作用，利用生物化学测定对梅岭霉素的作用机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明：1.梅岭霉素对小菜蛾不同龄期幼虫的毒力远高于同类对比药剂阿维菌素、多杀菌素和浏阳霉素，梅岭霉素对小菜蛾幼虫的LC50是浏阳霉素的2478～50589倍，而且其毒力随着幼虫龄期的增长而降低。2.梅岭霉素杀虫范围较广，对所测定的小菜蛾、二斑叶螨、柑桔全爪螨、柑桔锈壁虱、苹果红蜘蛛、棉红蜘蛛、棉蚜和萝卜蚜等8种昆虫、螨类具有很高的毒力，其效果均高于或相当于对比药剂阿维菌素，是一种优秀的抗生素类杀虫杀螨剂，但梅岭霉素对菜青虫不敏感，其对菜青虫5龄幼虫的LD50仅为阿维菌素的0.0009倍。 3.梅岭霉素以触杀作用为主，同时具有较好的胃毒作用和一定的内渗作用。点滴法测定证明，梅岭霉素对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的LD50是阿维菌素的3.8倍，触杀毒力高。浸叶法测定对小菜蛾的胃毒毒力证明，该药剂胃毒毒力不及对比药剂阿维菌素，但是显著高于多杀菌素；其内渗作用也低于阿维菌素；梅岭霉素对小菜蛾既无熏蒸作用，也无内吸作用。4. 梅岭霉素具有较好的杀卵作用。其对小菜蛾、二斑叶螨卵的孵化都具较好的抑制作用，抑制效果显著高于各对比药剂，并且能大大降低小菜蛾初孵幼虫的存活率。5.在室外自然环境中，梅岭霉素喷雾防治小菜蛾，其持效期为7天左右。药后3天其校正死亡率在92％以上，从第5天开始药效明显下降，药后7天其校正死亡率降至73.7％，药后14天其药效基本消失。结果还显示，梅岭霉素的消解速度高于对照药剂阿维菌素。<WP=6>6.取梅岭霉素、阿维菌素各自对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的LC50剂量浓度，以浸渍法处理4龄幼虫，分别于处理后1h、2h、4h、8h测定试虫体内的羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的比活力。结果显示：梅岭霉素、阿维菌素对试虫体内羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶都具有显著的抑制作用，而且抑制作用随着处理时间的延长而增强；梅岭霉素对试虫体内羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制作用显著高于阿维菌素；经这两种药剂处理后，试虫体内羧酸酯酶与底物的亲和力及酶最大反应速度显著低于对照组，证明药剂处理后使试虫体内的羧酸酯酶发生了质的改变；但梅岭霉素和阿维菌素对试虫体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用无显著差别；对试虫三种酶的离体抑制测定表明，梅岭霉素和阿维菌素对羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶均无直接的抑制作用。 7. 5种增效剂对梅岭霉素的增效试验结果表明：PBO、SV1和TPP对梅岭霉素和阿维菌素都具有较显著的增效作用，对梅岭霉素的增效倍数分别为1.65，1.67、1.15，对阿维菌素的增效倍数分别为2.58、3.03、1.81。8．阿维菌素或梅岭霉素与无致死作用浓度的硫丹混用后显著降低了两者的毒力。究其原因可能是，硫丹与阿维菌素、梅岭霉素产生了竞争性抑制作用，因其毒力低，在占据受体后，影响了阿维菌素或梅岭霉素致毒作用的发挥，降低了两种高活性药剂的毒力。更多还原

【Abstract】 The meilingmycin in pesticidal invention was found by china, which was a new insecticidal antibiotic. This dissertation studies on meilingmycin and the other three insecticidal antibiotic avermectin, spinosad, liuyangmycin. Laboratory measurement of toxicity to different instar larva of taian’s pullutella xylostella (L.) population of these four insecticides was carried out by insect-dip method. At the same time, the insecticidal activity to other insects and acarids of meilingmycin were studied .The meilingmycin’s mode of activity was evaluated by using different measuring methods to toxicity.The ovicidal action to pullutella xylostella and Tetranychus urticae Koch of meilingmycin and its residual efficacy duration in entironment were investigated.The synergism of five synergists was tested, and the mechanism of meilingmycin was discussed by biochemical bioassay. The results could be summarized as follows:1. The meilingmycin’s toxicity to every instar larva of pullutella xylostella was further higher than the four compared insecticidal antibiotics’s. The meilingmycin’s LC50 is 2478～50589 folds to the liuyangmycin’s and its toxicity would decline with the development of instar larva.2. The insecticidal range of meilingmycin is very large, it has very high toxicity to insects and acarids, such as pullutella xylostella L., Tetranychus urticae Koch, Panonychus citri McGregor, Phyllocoptrota oleivora Ashamead, Panonychus ulmi Koch, Tetranychus urticae Koh, Aphis gossypii Glover, Lipaphis erysimi Kaltenbach, and its toxicity was equal or higher to the compared insecticide’s, so it is an excellent acaricidal and insecticidal antibiotics. But meilingmycin is not susceptive to Pieris rapae Linne, its LD50 to 5 instar larva is only 0.0009 fold to Avermectin’s.<WP=8>3. Meilingmycin’s contact action is primary, at the same time it has nicer stomachic action and definite osmosis action. It is tested by dip method that meilingmycin’s LD50 to pullutella xylostella (L.) is 3.8 folds to Avermectin’s, its contact toxicity is the highest. The stomachic toxicity to pullutella xylostella (L.) was testified by leaf-dip method, it showed that meilingmycin’s stomachic toxicity is inferior to Avermectin’s, but markedly higher than Spinosad’s; the osmosis action of meilingmycin is also lower than Avermectin’s; Meilingmycin has neither systemic action nor fumigantion effect.4. The ovicidal action of meilingmycin is outstanding, it could observably restrain the egg hatching of pullutella xylostella (L.) and Tetranychus urticae Koch, the restraining effect is markedly higher than all the other compared insecticide. What’s more, it did cause substantial mortality of newly-hatched larva of pullutella xylostella (L.).5. The efficacy duration in entironment of meilingmycin is around 7 days, when it was used by spray. Be used three days later, meilingmycin’s reviseing death rate was 92%; five days later, meilingmycin’s toxicity markedly dropped; seven days later, the reviseing death rate was 73.7%, fourteen days later, the toxicity of meilinmycin almost disappeared. The result also show that: the decompound velocity of meilingmycin in entironment is quicker than Avermectin’s.6. Fourth instar larva of pullutella xylostella (L.) was treated by insect-dip method using meilingmycin and Avermectin , its dosage is equal to the LC50 to fourth instar larva of pullutella xylostella (L.), then measured the activity of CarE ,AChE and GST in one hour, two hour, four hour , and eight hour, the result showed that: meilingmycin and Avermectin could evidently restrain the activity of CarE ,AChE and GST , and with time increasing , the inhibiting effect could rise ; the inhibiting action of meilingmycin to CarE and AChE is much higher than Avermectin’s. Steeped 4th larva of pullutella xylostella by meilingmycin and Avermectin , the maximal reaction velocity<WP=9>and the affinity to substrate of CarE was markedly lower than control group’s, both of these could testify that the change of quality of CarE happened after steeped. But更多还原